海帶目
褐藻纲的一目藻类
海帶目是褐藻綱之下一個目級的海藻分類單元,現時包括有約30個属[來源請求]。這些海帶生長於淺海海洋底下的海藻林:一種類似於陸地上森林的海洋植物群落,估計從中新世(即500到2300萬年前)就已出現[3][與來源不符]。
海带目![]() 化石时期: | |
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科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 色藻界 Chromista |
门: | 淡色藻门 Ochrophyta |
纲: | 褐藻綱 Phaeophyceae |
目: | 海带目 Laminariales Migula, 1909[2] |
科 | |
分類
本目包括下列各科[4]:
- 厚岸藻科(Akkesiphycaceae)
- 翅藻科(Alariaceae)
- 繩藻科(Chordaceae)
- 多肋藻科(Costariaceae)
- 海帶科(海带科)
- 巨藻科(Lessoniaceae)
- 擬繩藻科(Pseudochordaceae)
生長和繁殖
生長在分生组织基部發生。
海藻林
海帶目聚集的地方會發展成被稱為「海藻林」的海底森林,為最富有豐富生產力與多樣性的地球生態系統[5][6]。較小片的海藻林又被稱為海藻床。在挪威海岸,有接近5800平方千米的海岸就長滿了海藻林[7][6],還為大量動物提及棲息地[8][9]。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kelp_forest_distribution_map.png/350px-Kelp_forest_distribution_map.png)
海藻林分布於溫帶到極地地區的沿岸海域。[5]在2007年,於厄瓜多附近的熱帶海域也發現有海藻林分佈。[10]和熱帶的珊瑚礁一樣,海藻林為許多生物提供生活環境,包括軟體動物、甲殼動物、棘皮動物、魚類及海洋哺乳動物等;同時也為人類提供生產力豐富的漁場。
商業用途
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Chowiet_Island_beach_kelp.jpg/220px-Chowiet_Island_beach_kelp.jpg)
巨型海带由于其表面的树冠和在较深水域停留的生长习性,可以相当容易地收获。
商業生產
再生能源
目前尚未歷史
保育
圖庫
- Macrocystis pyrifera in Monterey Bay Aquarium's 蒙特雷灣水族館
- Scuba diver in kelp forest[翻譯請求]
- Blue rockfish in kelp forest
- Anemone and seastar in kelp forest
- An underwater shot of a kelp forest
- A kelp forest
- A close up view of Ecklonia maxima, giant brown kelp
- Kelp found along the coast of La Jolla Shores
- Saccharina latissima in salad form, same also in canned form
知名物種
- Bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, a northwestern American species. Used by coastal 美洲原住民 to create 渔网s.
- Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest seaweed. Found in the 太平洋 coast of 北美洲 and 南美洲.
- Kombu, Saccharina japonica (formerly Laminaria japonica) and others, several edible species of kelp found in 日本.
Species of Laminaria in the British Isles;
- Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (Oarweed; Tangle)
- Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie (Curvie)
- Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie
- Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux (sea belt; sugar kelp; sugarwack)
Species of 海帶屬 worldwide, listing of species at AlgaeBase:[11]
- Laminaria agardhii (NE. 美洲)
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- Laminaria bongardina Postels et Ruprecht (Bering Sea to 加利福尼亚州)
- Laminaria cuneifolia (NE. America)
- Laminaria dentigera Klellm. (California - America)
- Laminaria digitata (NE. America)
- Laminaria ephemera Setchell (Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey County, California - America)
- Laminaria farlowii Setchell (Santa Cruz, California, to Baja California - America)
- Laminaria groenlandica (NE. America)
- Laminaria longicruris (NE. America)
- Laminaria nigripes (NE. America)
- Laminaria ontermedia (NE. America)
- Laminaria pallida Greville ex J. Agardh (南非)
- Laminaria platymeris (NE. America)
- Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) Lamouroux, synonym of Saccharina latissima (north east Atlantic Ocean, Barents Sea south to Galicia - Spain)
- Laminaria setchellii Silva (Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Baja California America)
- Laminaria sinclairii (Harvey ex Hooker f. ex Harvey) Farlow, Anderson et Eaton (Hope Island, British Columbia to Los Angeles, California - America)
- Laminaria solidungula (NE. America)
- Laminaria stenophylla (NE. America)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Five-ribbed_kelp_%28Costaria_costata%29.jpg/220px-Five-ribbed_kelp_%28Costaria_costata%29.jpg)
Other species in the 海帶目 that may be considered as kelp:
- Alaria marginata Post. & Rupr. (Alaska and California - 美洲)
- Costaria costata (C.Ag.) Saunders (Japan; Alaska, California - America)
- Ecklonia brevipes J. Agardh (Australia; New Zealand)
- Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss (South Africa)
- Ecklonia radiata (C.Agardh) J. Agardh (Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; South Africa)
- Eisenia arborea Aresch. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Montrey, Santa Catalina Island, California - America)
- Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch.
- Hedophyllum sessile (C.Ag.) Setch (Alaska, California - America)
- Macrocystis angustifolia Bory (Australia; Tasmania and South Africa)
- Pleurophycus gardneri Setch. & Saund. (Alaska, California - America)
- Pterygophora californica Rupr. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Bahia del Ropsario, Baja California and California - America)
Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp:
與其他物種的互動
部分動物的名稱或其英文名稱以海帶(Kelp)來命名,因為牠們以海帶為棲息地或食物。這些物種包括有:
- Northern kelp crab (Pugettia producta) and graceful kelp crab (Pugettia gracilis), Pacific coast of North America.
- 鳚亚目魚類的英文名Kelpfish:包括有北美洲太平洋海岸的Heterosticbus rostratus及Gibbonsia屬物種。
- 白草雁 (Chloephaga hybrida):棲息於南美洲及福克蘭群島
- 鞘嘴鸥科物種在英語的通稱叫作Kelp pigeon,棲息於南極洲,只有白鞘嘴鸥(Chionis alba)和黑脸鞘嘴鸥(Chionis minor)兩個物種。
參考文獻
參看
- Bladder wrack
- Blue carbon
- Durvillea
- 海藻林
- Wrack zone
延伸閱讀
- Druehl, L.D. Cultivated edible kelp. Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. (编). Algae and Human Affairs.. 1988. ISBN 0-521-32115-8 (英语).
- Erlandson, J.M., M.H. Graham, B.J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J.A. Estes, & R.S. Steneck. 2007. The Kelp Highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161-174.