咄陆
咄陸(保加利亞語:Дуло;至多c. 603-651),也作咄陸、咄六、都陸、都六,是西突厥汗国(c. 581-659)治下的一个部落联盟,是早期匈人-保加爾人的王族,还是老大保加利亞建國者一家的氏族,源於烏孫昆莫獵驕靡中子大祿。突骑施(699-766)可能是咄陆残部建立的。
這氏族在保加爾王族系譜中最早祖先是匈人阿提拉,這氏族也與烏孙、阿史那有關(早期咄陸是西突厥左廂)。伏爾加保加利亞與保加利亞第一帝國王族也是他們後人。
名称
“咄陆”等名称可能是音译古突厥语*Tör-ok[1]、*Turuk[2]、*Tuğluq[3]、Tölük[4]、Türük[5]、Tuğluğ(𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰍)等形式。[a][6]
这与更早的欧诺古尔人(onogur)都意为“十箭”,不知是混淆还是有所联系。另外,此咄陆与保加尔人咄陆部的联系实际上没有证实。
历史
西突厥起初可能分为8部,与叙利亚、希腊记载一致:以弗所的约翰提到在室点密之外,突厥人还有8个统治者;卫兵米南德提到,室点密死后,西突厥分为8部。之后,两弩失毕部(阿悉结与哥舒)自我改革,又各自分2部,于是共有10部。因此,西突厥又称作Onoq“十箭”,即“十部”之意。其中5部由咄陆啜[b]率领,另5部由弩失毕erkins(俟斤)率领。[c]
他们分布在巴尔喀什湖与天山之间,西邻弩失毕(西、南至锡尔河),边界在伊犁河与楚河附近,即巴尔喀什湖西南角向南延伸的一条线附近。弩失毕与西南方的粟特人有贸易往来。天山下来的河流支持着农业与城镇,因此形成了天然的商路。咄陆可能更偏游牧,控制着商路,获取经济收益。西突厥在邻近咄陆-弩失毕边界的碎叶建设有北牙(夏都)[d],贞观三年(629年),玄奘在素叶水城(碎叶)见西突厥统叶护。玄奘在《大唐西域记》记述:“自凌山行四百余里至大清池……清池西北行五百余里至素叶水城,城周六七里,诸国商胡杂居也。”
记载
至少自曷娑那可汗(603)以来,新任可汗通常会得到咄陆或弩失毕的支持。638年,两派在伊犁河沿岸分离。
汉字记录 | 古突厥语 |
---|---|
處木昆 (屈)律 啜[e] | *Čomuqun[f] küli[g] čor |
胡祿屋[h] 闕 啜 | *Uluğ oq kül čor |
摄舍提 暾 [i]啜 | *Čapšatā[j] ton čor |
突騎施 賀羅施[k] 啜 | *Türügeš-Qalač čor |
鼠泥施 處半 啜 | *Šüŋiš[l] čupan čor |
另见
注释
脚注
参考文献
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