Chiáu

?Chiáu
Malurus cyaneus (chiáu-kiáⁿ)
Hoà-chio̍h hoān-ûi
Late Jurassic - Recent
Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi
Kài:Animalia
Mn̂g:Chordata
A-mn̂g:Vertebrata
(bô hun-kip)Archosauria
Kong:Aves
Linnaeus, 1758
Ba̍k
Khoàⁿ loē-bûn.

Chiáu-á sī sio-hoeh, ē pàng-nn̄g ê chek-chui tōng-bu̍t, chú-iàu ê te̍k-teng sī ū ú (feather), ū chò si̍t iōng--ê chêng-pì (forelimb), it-poaⁿ ū khang-sim ê kut-thâu. Chiáu-lūi siōng sè khó-pí kûn-thâu-bú (phang-chhek/hummingbird), siōng toā chhan-chhiūⁿ nâ-kiû kiû-oân (tô-chiáu, Emu) hiah lò.

Hun-lūi kap chìn-hòa

Chiàu Jacques Gauthier ê gián-kiù, chiáu-lūi ū 4 khoán hō͘-siōng chhiong-tu̍t ê tēng-gī.[1] Chêng 3 hāng sī khah ū būn-tê ê tēng-gī, chia 4 hāng hun-pia̍t sī:

  1. Chiáu-lūi sī chú-liông-lūi (archosaur) lāi-bīn ū ú-mô͘ ê sin-chìn-chiá.
  2. Chiáu-lūi sī ē-tàng poe--ê.
  3. Chiau-lūi sī só͘-ū khah óa chiáu khah bô óa kho̍k-hî--ê.
  4. Chiáu-lūi sī só͘-ū hiān-chûn chiáu-á kap in āu-sì ê kiōng-tông ê chó͘-chian.

Tē 4 hāng sī chi̍t khoán Gauthier thê-chhut ê hun-lūi tēng-gī:

Ha̍k-kài tùi chiáu-lūi bô goân-choân it-tì ê hun-lūi. Charles Sibley kap Jon Ahlquist (1990 nî) ê Chiáu ê Hūn-lūi kap Hē-thóng-lūn (Phylogeny and Classification of Birds) sī tùi chiáu-lūi hun-lūi ê tiòng-iàu tì-chok.[2] Chiàu it-poaⁿ chèng-kù, in-ê bo̍k sī hông jīn-ûi chèng-khak--ê,[3] chóng--sī bo̍k chi kan ê koan-hē iá koh siū ha̍k-chiá cheng-lūn.

Ē-té sī tùi hiān-tāi chiáu-lūi kun-kù Jarvis, E.D. et al. (2014) tùi 48-ê tāi-piáu bu̍t-chéng ê choân ûi-thoán-thé tēng-sū (whole genome sequencing) gián-kiù[4] kap pō͘-hūn Yury, T. et al. (2013) [5] chū-liāu chè-chō ê chi̍t khoán chhin-oân koan-hē tô͘:


Chiáu
Palaeognathae

Struthioniformes (tô-chiáu)


Notopalaeognathae

Rheiformes (rheas)





†Dinornithiformes (moas)tóng-àn:Extinct birds (Plate 41) Megalapteryx didinus.png




†Lithornithiformes



Tinamiformes (tinamous)




Novaeratitae

Casuariiformes (emus & cassowaries)




Apterygiformes (kiwi)



†Aepyornithiformes (chhiūⁿ-chiáu)







Neognathae
Galloanserae

Galliformes (chicken, grouse, turkeys, etc.)


Odontoanserae

†Pelagornithidae


Anserimorphae

†Gastornithiformes



Anseriformes (ah, gô, kap thian-gô)





Neoaves
Columbea
Mirandornithes

Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)



Podicipediformes (grebes)



Columbimorphae

Columbiformes (hún-chiáu kap dodo)




Mesitornithiformes (mesites)



Pteroclidiformes (sandgrouses)





Passerea


Cypselomorphae (hummingbirds, swifts)


Otidimorphae

Cuculiformes (cuckoos)




Otidiformes (bustards)



Musophagiformes (turacos)








Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)


Cursorimorphae

Gruiformes (rails and cranes)



Charadriiformes (gulls, auks, shorebirds, waders)







Aequornithes (loons, khiā-gô, herons, pelicans, storks, etc)


Eurypygimorphae

Eurypygiformes (sunbittern, kagu)



Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)




Telluraves
Afroaves
Accipitrimorphae

Cathartiformes (condors and New World vultures)



Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, Old World vultures etc.)





Strigiformes (owls)


Coraciimorphae

Coliiformes (mousebirds)


Eucavitaves

Leptosomatiformes (cuckoo roller)


Cavitaves

Trogoniformes (trogons)


Picocoraciae

Bucerotiformes (hornbills, hoopoe and wood hoopoes)




Coraciformes (kingfishers etc.)



Piciformes (woodpeckers, toucans etc.)









Australaves

Cariamiformes (seriemas, terror birds etc)


Eufalconimorphae

Falconiformes (falcons)


Psittacopasserae

Psittaciformes (parrots)



Passeriformes (songbirds and kin)













Hun-pò͘

Chiáu-lūi seng-oa̍h tī tōa-pō͘-hūn ê lio̍k-tē, tí chhit ê tāi-lio̍k lóng ū chûn-chāi, siâng óa lâm-pêng ê chéng-lūi sī Lâm-kek-chiu hióng lōe-lio̍k 440 kong-lí ū cho̍k-kûn ê Pagodroma nivea.[6] Jia̍t-tāi só͘-chāi sī chiáu-lūi ê to-iūⁿ-sèng (biodiversity) siāng hoat-ta̍t ê tē-khu.

Kái-phò-ha̍k

Chiáu ê kun-keh cho͘-sêng sī chin khin ê kut-thâu, lāi-bīn hâm ē-táng ji̍p khong-khì, kap ho͘-khip hē-thóng sio chiap ê khang-phāng.[7]

Chham-khó

Ting Hun, Lee., Wassem, A. Wani., & Eddie, Tan Ti Tjih (2015) Cách ăn tổ Yến Sào Archived 2021-10-22 at the Wayback Machine.