Help:IPA/Russian
< Help:IPA
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ru}}.
Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʂ, ts, ʐ/ are always hard.
See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
Consonants | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hard | Soft | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
b | ![]() | boot | bʲ | ![]() | beautiful | |
d | ![]() ![]() | do | dʲ | ![]() ![]() ![]() | dew (UK) | |
f | ![]() ![]() ![]() | fool | fʲ | ![]() ![]() ![]() | few | |
ɡ | ![]() ![]() | goo | ɡʲ | ![]() | argue | |
— | j | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | yes, York, you, yard, boy | |||
k | ![]() ![]() ![]() | scar | kʲ | ![]() | skew | |
l | ![]() | pill | lʲ | ![]() ![]() | lean | |
m | ![]() | moot | mʲ | ![]() ![]() | mute | |
n | ![]() | noon | nʲ | ![]() ![]() ![]() | newt (for some dialects) | |
p | ![]() ![]() ![]() | span | pʲ | ![]() ![]() ![]() | spew | |
r | ![]() | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | rʲ | ![]() ![]() | flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | |
s | ![]() ![]() ![]() | soup | sʲ | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | assume, soup (for some dialects) | |
ʂ | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | rush | ɕː | ![]() ![]() ![]() | wish sheep | |
t | ![]() ![]() ![]() | stand | tʲ | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | stew (UK; for some dialects) | |
ts[11] | ![]() ![]() | cats | tɕ[11] | ![]() ![]() | chip | |
v | ![]() | voodoo | vʲ | ![]() ![]() | view | |
x | ![]() ![]() | loch (Scottish) | xʲ | ![]() ![]() | huge (for some dialects) | |
z | ![]() ![]() | zoo | zʲ | ![]() ![]() ![]() | presume (for some dialects) | |
ʐ | ![]() | rouge | ʑː | ![]() | prestige genre | |
Stressed vowels | ||||||
[-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
a | ![]() | father | æ | ![]() ![]() | pat (US) | |
ɛ | ![]() ![]() | met | e | ![]() ![]() | penny | |
ɨ | ![]() ![]() | roses (for some dialects) | i | ![]() ![]() | meet | |
o | ![]() ![]() | chore | ɵ | ![]() ![]() | bird (non-rhotic) | |
u | ![]() | boot | ʉ | ![]() ![]() | choose | |
Unstressed vowels | ||||||
[-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
ɐ | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | bud | — | |||
ə | ![]() ![]() ![]() | about | ə | ![]() ![]() ![]() | lasagna | |
ɨ | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | roses (for some dialects) | ɪ | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | bit | |
ʊ | ![]() | put | ʉ | ![]() ![]() | youth | |
ɛ | тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[17] | met | — | |||
o | ![]() | chore | ɵ | ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[18] | bird (non-rhotic) | |
Suprasegmental | ||||||
IPA | Example | Explanation | ||||
ˈ | ![]() | Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable | ||||
ː | ![]() | Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant |
Notes
References
- Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press
- Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
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