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YearLaureateCountryRationale
1901Wilhelm Conrad RöntgenGermany"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"[1]
1902Hendrik LorentzNetherlands"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[2]
Pieter ZeemanNetherlands
1903Antoine Henri BecquerelFrance"[for] his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"[3]
Pierre CurieFrance"[for] their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"[3]
Marie CuriePoland
France
1904John William StruttUnited Kingdom"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[4]
1905Philipp Eduard Anton von LenardGermany"for his work on cathode rays"[5]
1906Joseph John ThomsonUnited Kingdom"[for] his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[6]
1907Albert Abraham MichelsonUnited States"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[7]
1908Gabriel LippmannFrance"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[8]
1909Guglielmo MarconiItaly"[for] their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[9]
Karl Ferdinand BraunGermany
1910Johannes Diderik van der WaalsNetherlands"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"[10]
1911Wilhelm WienGermany"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"[11]
1912Nils Gustaf DalénSweden"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"[12]
1913Heike Kamerlingh-OnnesNetherlands"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"[13]
1914Max von LaueGermany"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[14] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915William Henry BraggUnited Kingdom"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[15] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
William Lawrence BraggUnited Kingdom
1916Not awarded
1917Charles Glover BarklaUnited Kingdom"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[16] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918Max PlanckGermany"[for] the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[17]
1919Johannes StarkGermany"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[18]
1920Charles Édouard GuillaumeSwitzerland"[for] the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"[19]
1921Albert EinsteinGermany"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[20]
1922Niels BohrDenmark"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[21]
1923Robert Andrews MillikanUnited States"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[22]
1924Manne SiegbahnSweden"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"[23]
1925James FranckGermany"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[24]
Gustav HertzGermany
1926Jean Baptiste PerrinFrance"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"[25]
1927Arthur Holly ComptonUnited States"for his discovery of the effect named after him"[26]
Charles Thomson Rees WilsonUnited Kingdom"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"[26]
1928Owen Willans RichardsonUnited Kingdom"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"[27]
1929Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de BroglieFrance"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"[28]
1930Chandrasekhara Venkata RamanIndia"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"[29]
1931Not awarded
1932Werner HeisenbergGermany"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[30]
1933Erwin SchrödingerAustria"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"[31]
Paul DiracUnited Kingdom
1934Not awarded
1935Ficheiro:Chadwick.jpgJames ChadwickUnited Kingdom"for the discovery of the neutron"[32]
1936Victor Francis HessAustria"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[33]
Carl David AndersonUnited States"for his discovery of the positron"[33]
1937Clinton Joseph DavissonUnited States"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[34]
George Paget ThomsonUnited Kingdom
1938Enrico FermiItaly"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"[35]
1939Ernest LawrenceUnited States"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"[36]
1940Not awarded
1941Not awarded
1942Not awarded
1943Otto SternUnited States"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[37]
1944Isidor Isaac RabiUnited States"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[38]
1945Wolfgang PauliAustria"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[39]
1946Percy Williams BridgmanUnited States"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"[40]
1947Edward Victor AppletonUnited Kingdom"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"[41]
1948Patrick Maynard Stuart BlackettUnited Kingdom"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"[42]
1949Hideki YukawaJapan"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"[43]
1950Cecil Frank PowellUnited Kingdom"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"[44]
1951John Douglas CockcroftUnited Kingdom"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[45]
Ernest Thomas Sinton WaltonIreland
1952Felix BlochUnited States"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[46]
Edward Mills PurcellUnited States
1953Frits ZernikeNetherlands"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[47]
1954Max BornUnited Kingdom"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[48]
Walther BotheWest Germany"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[48]
1955Willis Eugene LambUnited States"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[49]
Polykarp KuschUnited States"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"[49]
1956John BardeenUnited States"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"[50]
Walter Houser BrattainUnited States
William Bradford ShockleyUnited States
1957Tsung-Dao LeeRepublic of China"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"[51]
Chen Ning YangRepublic of China
1958Pavel Alekseyevich CherenkovSoviet Union"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[52]
Il'ya FrankSoviet Union
Igor Yevgenyevich TammSoviet Union
1959Owen ChamberlainUnited States"for their discovery of the antiproton"[53]
Emilio Gino SegrèItaly
1960Donald Arthur GlaserUnited States"for the invention of the bubble chamber"[54]
1961Robert HofstadterUnited States"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[55]
Rudolf Ludwig MössbauerWest Germany"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"[55]
1962Lev Davidovich LandauSoviet Union"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[56]
1963Eugene Paul WignerUnited States"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[57]
Ficheiro:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.gifMaria Goeppert-MayerUnited States"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[57]
J. Hans D. JensenWest Germany
1964Nicolay Gennadiyevich BasovSoviet Union"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"[58]
Aleksandr ProkhorovSoviet Union
Charles Hard TownesUnited States
1965Richard Phillips FeynmanUnited States"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[59]
Julian SchwingerUnited States
Sin-Itiro TomonagaJapan
1966Alfred KastlerFrance"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"[60]
1967Hans Albrecht BetheUnited States"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[61]
1968Luis Walter AlvarezUnited States"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"[62]
1969Murray Gell-MannUnited States"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[63]
1970Hannes Olof Gösta AlfvénSweden"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"[64]
Louis NéelFrance"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"[64]
1971Dennis GaborUnited Kingdom"for his invention and development of the holographic method"[65]
1972John BardeenUnited States"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[66]
Leon Neil CooperUnited States
John Robert SchriefferUnited States
1973Leo EsakiJapan"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"[67]
Ivar GiaeverUnited States
Norway
Brian David JosephsonUnited Kingdom"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[67]
1974Martin RyleUnited Kingdom"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[68]
Antony HewishUnited Kingdom
1975Aage BohrDenmark"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[69]
Ben Roy MottelsonDenmark
Leo James RainwaterUnited States
1976Burton RichterUnited States"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[70]
Samuel Chao Chung TingUnited States
1977Philip Warren AndersonUnited States"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"[71]
Nevill Francis MottUnited Kingdom
John Hasbrouck Van VleckUnited States
1978Pyotr Leonidovich KapitsaSoviet Union"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"[72]
Arno Allan PenziasUnited States"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[72]
Robert Woodrow WilsonUnited States
1979Sheldon Lee GlashowUnited States"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[73]
Ficheiro:Abdus salam.gifAbdus SalamPakistan
Steven WeinbergUnited States
1980James Watson CroninUnited States"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[74]
Val Logsdon FitchUnited States
1981Nicolaas BloembergenUnited States"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[75]
Arthur Leonard SchawlowUnited States
Kai Manne Börje SiegbahnSweden"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"[75]
1982Kenneth G. WilsonUnited States"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"[76]
1983Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharÍndia
United States		"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"[77]
William Alfred FowlerUnited States"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"[77]
1984Carlo RubbiaItaly"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[78]
Simon van der MeerNetherlands
1985Klaus von KlitzingWest Germany"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[79]
1986Ernst RuskaWest Germany"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"[80]
Gerd BinnigWest Germany"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"[80]
Heinrich RohrerSwitzerland
1987Johannes Georg BednorzWest Germany"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[81]
Karl Alexander MüllerSwitzerland
1988Leon Max LedermanUnited States"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[82]
Melvin SchwartzUnited States
Jack SteinbergerUnited States
1989Norman Foster RamseyUnited States"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"[83]
Hans Georg DehmeltUnited States"for the development of the ion trap technique"[83]
Wolfgang PaulWest Germany
1990Jerome I. FriedmanUnited States"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[84]
Henry Way KendallUnited States
Richard E. TaylorCanada
1991Pierre-Gilles de GennesFrance"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"[85]
1992Georges CharpakFrance"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[86]
1993Russell Alan HulseUnited States"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[87]
Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.United States
1994Bertram BrockhouseCanada"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[88]
Clifford Glenwood ShullUnited States"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[88]
1995Martin Lewis PerlUnited States"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[89]
Frederick ReinesUnited States"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[89]
1996David Morris LeeUnited States"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[90]
Douglas D. OsheroffUnited States
Robert Coleman RichardsonUnited States
1997Steven ChuUnited States"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[91]
Claude Cohen-TannoudjiFrance
William Daniel PhillipsUnited States
1998Robert B. LaughlinUnited States"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[92]
Horst Ludwig StörmerGermany
Daniel Chee TsuiUnited States
1999Gerardus 't HooftNetherlands"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"[93]
Martinus J. G. VeltmanNetherlands
2000Zhores Ivanovich AlferovRussia"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[94]
Herbert KroemerGermany
Jack St. Clair KilbyUnited States"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"[94]
2001Eric Allin CornellUnited States"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"[95]
Carl Edwin WiemanUnited States
Wolfgang KetterleGermany
2002Raymond Davis, Jr.United States"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"[96]
Masatoshi KoshibaJapan
Riccardo GiacconiUnited States"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"[96]
2003Alexei Alexeyevich AbrikosovRussia
United States		"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[97]
Vitaly Lazarevich GinzburgRussia
Anthony James LeggettUnited Kingdom
United States
2004David J. GrossUnited States"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[98]
H. David PolitzerUnited States
Frank WilczekUnited States
2005Roy J. GlauberUnited States"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[99]
John L. HallUnited States"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"[99]
Theodor W. HänschGermany
2006John C. MatherUnited States"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"[100]
George F. SmootUnited States
2007Albert FertFrance"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[101]
Peter GrünbergGermany
2008Makoto KobayashiJapan"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"[102]
Toshihide MaskawaJapan
Yoichiro NambuUnited States"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"[102]
2009Charles K. KaoHong Kong
United Kingdom
United States		"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"[103]
Willard S. BoyleCanada"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"[103]
George E. SmithUnited States
2010Andre GeimRussia
Netherlands		"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"[104]
Konstantin NovoselovRussia
United Kingdom
2011Saul PerlmutterUnited States"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[105][106]
Brian P. SchmidtUnited States
Australia
Adam G. RiessUnited States
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