Bruker:Haakon K/Sandkasse
En passant (fransk: [ɑ̃ paˈsɑ̃], bokst. i forbifarta) er et spesialtrekk i sjakk som går ut på at en bonde under visse omstendigheter kan slå en annen bonde.[1] Trekket kan utføres av en spiller, A, rett etter at motstanderen, B, har flytta en av bøndene sine to felter fram og havna ved sida av en av A sine bønder. I dette tilfellet kunne Bs bonde ha blitt slått av As bonde hvis den hadde flytta kun ett felt. En passant-regelen tillater at dette mottrekket likevel kan gjennomføres. A flytter da bonden sin diagonalt til feltet bak Bs bonde, og slår den ut. Resultatet blir det samme som om B hadde flytta bonden bare ett felt fram og A hadde slått den på det feltet.
En passant-trekket må utføres i trekket umiddelbart etter at motstanderen har flytta sin bonde to felter fram; hvis ikke, faller retten til det bort.[2] I likhet med et hvilket som helst annet trekk må en passant spilles hvis det er det eneste lovlige trekket. En passant er et vanlig tema i problemsjakk.
En passant-regelen ble innført på 1400-tallet, omtrent samtidig med regelen som ga bøndene rett til å flytte to felter fram fra utgangsfeltet sitt. Den forhindrer en bonde fra å bruke tofelts-trekket for å slippe forbi en motsanderbonde for å unngå å bli tatt.
Forutsetninger
En bonde på den femte raden sin kan slå en motstanderbonde på en tilstøtende linje som har gått to felter fram i ett og samme trekk. Slaget utføres som om denne bonden kun hadde gått ett felt fram. Forutsetningene er:
- bonden som slår, må stå på sin femte rad;
- den utslåtte bonden må stå på en tilstøtende linje og må nettopp ha flytta to felter i ett trekk;
- slaget kan kun utføres i det umiddelbart påfølgende trekket etter motstanderbondens tofeltstrekk; hvis ikke, mister man retten til en passant
Sort i trekket
Den sorte bonden stpr på utgansfeltet sitt. Hvis den flytter uil f6 (markert med x), kan den hvite bonden slå den ut. | Hvit i trekket
Sort flytta bonden sin to felter fram i ett trekk, fra f7 til f5, og passerte dermed f6. | Sort i trekket
Hvit slår it bonden en passant, som om den hadde flytta bare ett felt til f6. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
En passant kan kun utføres av bønder; andre brikker har ikke rett til dette spesialtrekket. Det er det eneste trekket i sjakk hvor en brikke ikke blir stående igjen på samme felt som den brikka den slår ut.[3]:463
Notation
In either algebraic or descriptive chess notation, en passant captures are sometimes denoted by "e.p." or similar, but such notation is not required. In algebraic notation, the capturing move is written as if the captured pawn advanced only one square, for example, ...bxa3 (or ...bxa3e.p.) in the first example.[4]:216
Examples
In the opening
There are some examples of en passant in chess openings. In this line from Petrov's Defence, White can capture the pawn on d5 en passant on his sixth move.
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 |                | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
- 1. e4 e5
- 2. Nf3 Nf6
- 3. d4 exd4
- 4. e5 Ne4
- 5. Qxd4 d5 (diagram)
- 6. exd6e.p.[5]:124–125
Another example occurs in the French Defence after 1.e4 e6 2.e5, a move once advocated by Wilhelm Steinitz.[6]:2 If Black responds with 2...d5, White can capture the pawn en passant with 3.exd6. Likewise, White can answer 2...f5 with 3.exf6e.p.
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 | | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
An example is from this game by Steinitz and Bernhard Fleissig.[7]
- 1. e4 e6
- 2. e5 d5
- 3. exd6e.p.
Unusual examples
capturing en passant
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 | | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
In the diagram, if Black plays ...g5+, it seems to checkmate White, but it is in fact a blunder. Black overlooks that White can counter this check with the en passant capture fxg6, which cross-checks and checkmates Black. This game is a draw if neither side errs.
Position after 12...f7–f5 |
After 14...g7–g5. White mates by taking the pawn en passant. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Another example is this game between Gunnar Gundersen and Albert H. Faul.[8] Black has just moved his pawn from f7 to f5. White could capture the f-pawn en passant with his e-pawn, but instead played:
- 13. h5+ Kh6 14. Nxe6+
Note that the bishop on c1 effects the check, via a discovered check. 14...Kh7 results in 15.Qxg7Mal:ChessAN.
- 14... g5 15. hxg6e.p.#
The en passant capture and discovered checks place Black in checkmate (from White's rook on h1, even without help from White's bishop; an en passant capture is the only way a double check can be delivered without one of the checking pieces moving, as in this position).
The largest known number of en passant captures in one game is three, shared by three games; in none of them were all three captures by the same player. The earliest known example is a 1980 game between Alexandru Sorin Segal and Karl Heinz Podzielny.[9]:98–99[10]
In chess compositions
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 | | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
En passant captures have often been used as a theme in chess compositions, as they "produce striking effects in the opening and closing of lines".[11]:106 In the 1938 composition by Kenneth S. Howard, the Mal:Chessprobgloss move 1. d4 introduces the threat of 2.d5+ cxd5 3.Bxd5#. Black may capture the d4-pawn en passant in either of two ways:
- The capture 1... exd3e.p. shifts the e4-pawn from the e- to the d-file, preventing an en passant capture after White plays 2. f4. To stop the threatened mate (3.f5#), Black may advance 2... f5, but this allows White to play 3. exf6e.p.# with checkmate due to the decisive opening of the e-file.
- If Black plays 1... cxd3e.p., White exploits the newly opened a2–g8 diagonal with 2. Qa2+ d5 3. cxd6e.p.#
An example showing the effect en passant captures have on pins is this 1902 composition by Sommerfeldt:[12]
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 | | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
The Mal:Chessprobgloss move
- 1. d4Mal:Chesspunc
threatens 2.Qf2#. The black e-pawn is now simultaneously pinned and unpinned, as 1...exd3e.p.+ is illegal, but
- 1... e3+
is not. This, however, removes the black king's access to e3, allowing
- 2. d5#
Historical context
Allowing the en passant capture, together with the introduction of the two-square first move for pawns, was one of the last major rule changes in European chess, and occurred between 1200 and 1600. Other relatively recent rule changes were castling, the unlimited range for queens and bishops[13]:14,16,57 (Spanish master Ruy López de Segura gives the rule in his 1561 book Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez[4]:108) and a change to the rules on pawn promotion. In most places the en passant rule was adopted at the same time as allowing the pawn to move two squares on its first move, but it was not universally accepted until the Italian rules were changed in 1880.[5]:124–125
The motivation for en passant was to prevent the newly added two-square first move for pawns from allowing a pawn to evade capture by an enemy pawn.[13]:16 Asian chess variants, because of their separation from European chess prior to that period, do not feature any of these moves.
Threefold repetition and stalemate
The possibility of an en passant capture is relevant to the claim of a draw by threefold repetition. Two positions with the same configuration of pieces, with the same player to move, are for this purpose considered different if there was an opportunity to make an en passant capture in the first position, and that opportunity no longer exists in the second position.[14]:27
In his book on chess organization and rules, International Arbiter Kenneth Harkness wrote that it is frequently asked if an en passant capture must be made if it is the only legal move.[15]:49 This point was debated in the 19th century, with some arguing that the right to make an en passant capture is a "privilege" that one cannot be compelled to exercise. In his 1860 book Chess Praxis, Howard Staunton wrote that the en passant capture is mandatory in that instance.The rules of chess were amended to make this clear.[9] Today, it is settled that the player must make that move (or resign). The same is true if an en passant capture is the only move to get out of check.[15]:49
See also
- Pawn
- Rules of chess
References
Bibliography
 | Wiktionary: – ordbokoppføring |
- Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel B. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th utgave), McKay,
- Winter, Edward (2006), Chess Facts and Fables, McFarland,
