Kompleks militer–industri
Kompleks militer–industri (bahasa Inggris: Military–industrial complex; MIC), atau kompleks militer–industri–kongres,[1] terdiri dari hubungan kebijakan dan moneter yang terbentuk antara pembuat kebijakan, angkatan bersenjata nasional, dan industri senjata yang menopang keberadaan mereka. Hubungan ini meliputi sumbangan politik, persetujuan belanja militer, lobi untuk mendukung birokrasi, dan pengawasan terhadap industri senjata. Kompleks militer–industri merupakan contoh segitiga besi. Istilah ini sering digunakan untuk menyebut sistem di balik militer Amerika Serikat. Istilah ini mulai populer setelah Presiden Dwight D. Eisenhower menggunakannya dalam pidato perpisahannya tanggal 17 Januari 1961.[2] Akan tetapi, istilah ini berlaku juga untuk negara manapun dengan infrastruktur yang sama majunya dengan Amerika Serikat.[3][4] Pada tahun 2011, belanja militer Amerika Serikat lebih besar daripada gabungan belanja militer 13 negara di bawahnya.[5]
Istilah "kompleks militer–industri" kadang-kadang juga mencakup seluruh kontrak dan arus uang dan sumber daya antar individu, perusahaan, dan lembaga kontraktor pertahanan, Pentagon, Kongres, dan cabang eksekutif.[6]
Definisi serupa awalnya dikemukakan oleh Daniel Guérin dalam bukunya, Fascism and Big Business (1936), tentang dukungan pemerintah fasis terhadap industri alat berat. Istilah ini dapat didefinisikan sebagai "koalisi kelompok tak resmi dan berubah-ubah yang memiliki kepentingan psikologis, moral, dan material terhadap kelangsungan pengembangan dan pengelolaan senjata canggih, perlindungan pasar kolonial, dan urusan dalam negeri yang strategis secara militer."[7] Contoh fenomena ini dipaparkan dalam buku Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism (1942) karya Franz Leopold Neumann; buku tersebut menjelaskan bagaimana Nazisme berkuasa di negara yang demokratis.
Lihat pula
- Perusahaan menurut penjualan senjata
- Blue Sky Tribe
- Statisme perusahaan
- Erik Prince dan Academi (sebelumnya Blackwater)
- Kontraktor pemerintah
- Daftar negara menurut belanja militer
- Militarisme
- Kompleks militer-hiburan
- Kompleks militer–industri–media
- Kompleks militer-digital
- Kompleks politik-media
- Keynesianisme militer
- Kompleks perdamaian–industri
- Kompleks penjara-industri
- Project for the New American Century
- Rosoboronexport
- Upward Spiral
- War Against War
- War is a racket, buku karya Jenderal Smedley Butler
- Keuntungan perang
- Zaibatsu
- Karya
- The Complex: How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives
- War Is a Racket (buku tahun 1935 karya Smedley Butler)
- Why We Fight (film dokumenter tahun 2005 karya Eugene Jarecki)
Catatan kaki
Referensi
- DeGroot, Gerard J. Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War, 144, London & New York: Longman, 1996, ISBN 0-582-06138-5
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. Public Papers of the Presidents, 1035–40. 1960.
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. "Farewell Address." In The Annals of America. Vol. 18. 1961–1968: The Burdens of World Power, 1–5. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1968.
- Eisenhower, Dwight D. President Eisenhower's Farewell Address, Wikisource.
- Hartung, William D. "Eisenhower's Warning: The Military–Industrial Complex Forty Years Later." Diarsipkan 2005-09-10 di Wayback Machine. World Policy Journal 18, no. 1 (Spring 2001).
- Johnson, Chalmers The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic, New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004
- Kurth, James. "Military–Industrial Complex." In The Oxford Companion to American Military History, ed. John Whiteclay Chambers II, 440–2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
- Nelson, Lars-Erik. "Military–Industrial Man." In New York Review of Books 47, no. 20 (Dec. 21, 2000): 6.
- Nieburg, H. L. In the Name of Science, Quadrangle Books, 1970
- Mills, C. Wright."Power Elite", New York, 1956
Bacaan lanjutan
- Adams, Gordon, The Iron Triangle: The Politics of Defense Contracting, 1981.
- Andreas, Joel, Addicted to War: Why the U.S. Can't Kick Militarism, ISBN 1-904859-01-1.
- Cochran, Thomas B., William M. Arkin, Robert S. Norris, Milton M. Hoenig, U.S. Nuclear Warhead Production Harper and Row, 1987, ISBN 0-88730-125-8
- Colby, Gerard, DuPont Dynasty. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1984.
- Friedman, George and Meredith, The Future of War: Power, Technology and American World Dominance in the 21st Century, Crown, 1996, ISBN 0-517-70403-X
- Hossein-Zadeh, Ismael, The Political Economy of US Militarism. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006.
- Keller, William W., Arm in Arm: The Political Economy of the Global Arms Trade. New York: Basic Books, 1995.
- Kelly, Brian, Adventures in Porkland: How Washington Wastes Your Money and Why They Won't Stop, Villard, 1992, ISBN 0-679-40656-5
- Lassman, Thomas C. "Putting the Military Back into the History of the Military-Industrial Complex: The Management of Technological Innovation in the U.S. Army, 1945–1960," Isis (2015) 106#1 pp. 94–120 in JSTOR
- McDougall, Walter A., ...The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age, Basic Books, 1985, (Pulitzer Prize for History) ISBN 0-8018-5748-1
- Melman, Seymour, Pentagon Capitalism: The Political Economy of War, McGraw Hill, 1970
- Melman, Seymour, (ed.) The War Economy of the United States: Readings in Military Industry and Economy, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1971.
- Mills, C Wright, The Power Elite. New York, 1956.
- Mollenhoff, Clark R., The Pentagon: Politics, Profits and Plunder. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1967
- Patterson, Walter C., The Plutonium Business and the Spread of the Bomb, Sierra Club, 1984, ISBN 0-87156-837-3
- Pasztor, Andy, When the Pentagon Was for Sale: Inside America's Biggest Defense Scandal, Scribner, 1995, ISBN 0-684-19516-X
- Pierre, Andrew J., The Global Politics of Arms Sales. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.
- Sampson, Anthony, The Arms Bazaar: From Lebanon to Lockheed. New York: Bantam Books, 1977.
- St. Clair, Jeffery, Grand Theft Pentagon: Tales of Corruption and Profiteering in the War on Terror, Common Courage Press (July 1, 2005).
- Sweetman, Bill, "In search of the Pentagon's billion dollar hidden budgets—how the US keeps its R&D spending under wraps", from Jane's International Defence Review, online
- Thorpe, Rebecca U. The American Warfare State: The Domestic Politics of Military Spending. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.
- Watry, David M. Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.
- Weinberger, Sharon. Imaginary Weapons. New York: Nation Books, 2006.
Pranala luar
- Khaki capitalism, The Economist, Dec 3rd 2011
- Militaryindustrialcomplex.com, Features running daily, weekly and monthly defense spending totals plus Contract Archives section.
- C. Wright Mills, Structure of Power in American Society, British Journal of Sociology,Vol.9.No.1 1958
- Dwight David Eisenhower, Farewell Address On the military–industrial complex and the government–universities collusion – 17 January 1961
- William McGaffin and Erwin Knoll, The military–industrial complex, An analysis of the phenomenon written in 1969
- The Cost of War & Today's Military Industrial Complex, National Public Radio, 8 January 2003.
- Leading Defense Industry news source
- Human Rights First; Private Security Contractors at War: Ending the Culture of Impunity (2008) Diarsipkan 2010-05-08 di Wayback Machine.
- Fifty Years After Eisenhower’s Farewell Address, A Look at the Military–Industrial Complex – video report by Democracy Now!
- Military Industrial Complex Diarsipkan 2016-02-03 di Wayback Machine. – video reports by The Real News
- Online documents, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Diarsipkan 2016-01-13 di Wayback Machine.
- 50th Anniversary of Eisenhower's Farewell Address - Eisenhower Institute
- Part 1 - Anniversary Discussion of Eisenhower's Farewell Address - Gettysburg College
- Part 2 - Anniversary Discussion of Eisenhower's Farewell Address - Gettysburg College
Templat:Dwight D. Eisenhower
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