Kashe jarirai

Ayyukan kisan jarirai sun ɗauki nau'o'i da yawa a tsawon lokaci. Hadaya da yara ga siffofi ko dakarun da suka fi na halitta, kamar wanda aka yi imanin cewa an yi shi a tsohuwar Carthage, na iya zama misali mafi kyau a Duniyar dā ̄ a.

Hanyar da ake amfani da ita akai-akai na kisan jarirai a tsohuwar Turai da Asiya ita ce kawai Barin jariri, barin shi ya mutu ta hanyar fallasawa (watau, hypothermia, yunwa, ƙishirwa, ko harin dabba).^[4][5]

A akalla tsibiri daya a Oceania, an yi kisan jarirai har zuwa karni na 20 ta hanyar shan jariri, yayin da a Mesoamerica kafin Columbus kuma a cikin Daular Inca an yi shi ta hanyar hadaya (duba ƙasa).

Yawancin kungiyoyin Neolithic sun yi amfani da kisan jarirai don sarrafa lambobin su don ƙasashensu su iya tallafa musu. Joseph Birdsell ya yi imanin cewa yawan kisan jarirai a lokutan prehistoric sun kasance tsakanin 15% da 50% na jimlar yawan haihuwa, yayin da Laila Williamson ya kiyasta ƙaramin adadin daga 15% zuwa 20%. : 66 Dukansu Masana ilimin ɗan adam sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan manyan ƙididdigar kisan jarirai sun ci gaba har zuwa ci gaban noma a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Neolithic.: 19 Littafin da aka buga a 1981 ya bayyana cewa masu ilimin ɗan adam sun kiyasta cewa iyayensu sun kashe kashi 50% na jarirai mata a zamanin Paleolithic. Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Raymond Dart ya fassara fashewa a kan kwanyar jarirai na hominid (misali Taung Child) saboda kisan kai da gangan wanda ya biyo bayan cin nama, amma irin waɗannan bayani yanzu ana ɗaukar su ba su da tabbas kuma mai yiwuwa ba daidai ba ne.^[6] Ba lallai ba ne a kashe yara sosai, amma sakaci da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da gangan na iya faruwa, kamar yadda Vicente Lull ya gabatar a matsayin bayani game da yawan maza da kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin mata a cikin Menorca na farko.

Masu binciken tarihi sun gano shaidar jiki na hadayar yara a wurare da yawa.: 16-22 Wasu daga cikin misalai mafi kyau sune bukukuwan daban-daban waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na ayyukan addini a Mesoamerica da Daular Inca.^[7][8][9]

An gano ƙasusuwa dubu uku na yara ƙanana, tare da shaidar bukukuwan hadaya, a Sardinia. Pelasgians sun miƙa hadaya ga kowane yaro na goma a lokutan wahala. An gano ragowar yara da yawa a cikin binciken Gezer tare da alamun hadaya. An gano kwarangwal na yara tare da alamun hadaya a Misira wanda ya kasance 950-720 KZ. A cikin Carthage "[hadaya ta yara] a duniyar d ̄ a ta kai ga sanannun ƙimar ta".   [yawanci da ake buƙata] :^:324 Baya ga Carthaginians, wasu Phoenicians, da Kan'aniyawa, Moabites da Sepharvites sun miƙa ɗansu na fari a matsayin hadaya ga alloli.

A cikin gidajen Masar, a duk matakan zamantakewa, ana darajar yara maza da mata kuma babu wata shaida ta kisan jarirai. Addinin tsoffin Masarawa sun haramta kisan jarirai kuma a lokacin Girka da Romawa sun ceci jarirai da aka watsar daga tarin turare, hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita ta kisan jariri ta Helenawa ko Romawa, kuma an ba su damar karɓar su a matsayin masu zubar da su ko tayar da su a matsayin bayi, sau da yawa suna ba su sunaye kamar "copro -" don tunawa da ceton su.^[10] Strabo ya yi la'akari da shi a matsayin abin da ya dace da Masarawa cewa dole ne a yi renon kowane yaro. Diodorus ya nuna kisan jarirai laifi ne mai azabtarwa. Masar ta dogara sosai da ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta Nilu don ban ruwa a ƙasar kuma a cikin shekaru na ambaliyar ruwa, yunwa mai tsanani na iya faruwa tare da rushewa a cikin tsarin zamantakewa wanda ya haifar, musamman tsakanin 930-1070 AZ da 1180-1350 AZ. Ana yin rikodin lokuta na cin nama a lokacin waɗannan lokutan, amma ba a san ko wannan ya faru a zamanin Fir'auna na Masar ta dā ba. Beatrix Midant-Reynes ta bayyana hadayar mutum kamar yadda ta faru a Abydos a farkon zamanin daular (c. 3150-2850 ), yayin da Jan Assmann ya tabbatar da cewa babu wata shaida mai kyau game da hadayar mutum da ta taɓa faruwa a tsohuwar Misira.

A cewar Shelby Brown, Carthaginians, zuriyar Phoenicians, sun miƙa hadaya ga alloli. An gano ƙasusuwan ƙonewa na daruruwan jarirai a wuraren binciken archaeological na Carthaginian. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan yanki yana dauke da akwatunan binnewa 20,000.^[11] Masu shakku sun ba da shawarar cewa gawarwakin yara da aka samo a makabarta na Carthaginian da Phoenician kawai gawarwakinsu ne na yara da suka mutu ta hanyar halitta.^[12]

Plutarch (c. 46-120 AZ) ya ambaci aikin, kamar yadda Tertullian, Orosius, Diodorus Siculus da Philo suka yi. Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ya kuma ambaci abin da ya zama hadayar yaro da ake yi a wani wuri da ake kira [./<i id= toph" id="mwwQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tophet">Tophet] (daga Ibrananci taph ko toph, don ƙonewa) da Kan'aniyawa. A rubuce-rubuce a Karni na 3 , Kleitarchos, ɗaya daga cikin masana tarihi na Alexander the Great, ya bayyana cewa jarirai sun shiga cikin rami mai cin wuta. Diodorus Siculus ya rubuta cewa an gasa jarirai har zuwa mutuwa a cikin rami mai cin wuta na allahn Ba'al Hamon, mutum-mutumi na tagulla.^[13]

Helenawa na tarihi sun yi la'akari da aikin hadaya na manya da yara, duk da haka, an yi amfani da jarirai a tsohuwar Girka. ^{[14] [15][16]} Aristotle ya ba da shawarar a cikin yanayin nakasa ta haihuwa: "Game da fallasa yara, bari a sami doka cewa babu wani yaro da ya lalace zai rayu. " A Girka, yanke shawara don fallasa yaro yawanci na uba ne, kodayake a Sparta ƙungiyar dattawa ne suka yanke shawara.^[17][18] Bayyanawa ita ce hanyar da aka fi so na zubar da ita, saboda wannan aikin da kansa ba a dauke shi kisan kai ba; Bugu da ƙari, yaron da aka fallasa yana da damar samun ceto daga alloli ko duk wani mai wucewa.^[19] Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kasance abin da ke faruwa a cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenawa.Don sanar da maƙwabta game da haihuwar yaro, an rataye wani layi na ulu a kan ƙofar gaba don nuna jariri mace da reshe na zaitun don nuna an haifi yaro. Iyalai ba koyaushe suke kula da sabon ɗansu ba. Bayan mace ta haifi jariri, za ta nuna wa mijinta. Idan mijin ya yarda da shi, zai rayu, amma idan ya ƙi, zai mutu. Sau da yawa ana ƙin jarirai idan sun kasance marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya ko nakasa, jima'i mara kyau, ko kuma babban nauyi ga iyali. Wadannan jarirai ba za a kashe su kai tsaye ba, amma a sanya su cikin tukunya ko kwalba kuma a bar su a waje da ƙofar gaba ko a kan hanya. A cikin addinin Girka na dā, wannan al'ada ta ɗauki alhakin daga iyaye saboda yaron zai mutu daga dalilai na halitta, misali, yunwa, asphyxiation ko fallasawa ga abubuwa.  ^{[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]}

Wannan aikin ya kasance sananne a Roma ta dā, kuma. Philo shine masanin falsafa na farko da ya yi magana game da shi.^[20][21] Wata wasika daga wani ɗan ƙasar Roma zuwa ga 'yar'uwarsa, ko matar da ke da ciki daga mijinta, wanda ya fara daga 1 , ya nuna yanayin da ake yawan kallon kisan jarirai:

"Har yanzu ina Alexandria. ... Ina rokon ka kuma na roƙe ka ka kula da ƙaramin ɗanmu, kuma da zaran muka karɓi albashi, zan aika muku da su. A halin yanzu, idan (sa'a mai kyau a gare ka!) kuna haihuwa, idan yaro ne, bari ya rayu; idan yarinya ce, ka fallasa shi. ", ^[22] "Idan ka haifi yaro, ka riƙe shi. Idan yarinya ce. Ka fallasa shi, kada ka damu. "

A wasu lokutan Tarihin Romawa al'ada ce a kawo jariri ga pater familias, ubanni iyali, wanda zai yanke shawarar ko za a kiyaye yaron kuma a tashe shi, ko kuma a bar shi ya mutu ta hanyar fallasawa. Tables goma sha biyu na Dokar Romawa sun tilasta masa ya kashe wani yaro wanda ya lalace a bayyane. Ayyukan Bautar da kisan jarirai sun ba da gudummawa ga "sauti na baya" na rikice-rikicen a lokacin Jamhuriyar.^[23]

Kisan jarirai ya zama babban laifi a cikin dokar Romawa a cikin 374, amma masu laifi ba su da yawa idan sun taɓa gurfanar da su.^[24]

A cewar tatsuniyoyi, Romulus da Remus, 'ya'yan tagwaye na allahn yaƙi Mars, sun tsira daga kisan jarirai bayan an jefa su cikin Kogin Tiber. Bisa ga tatsuniyar, karnuka ne suka haife su, kuma daga baya suka kafa birnin Roma.

Yayinda masu ilimin tauhidi da malamai suka yi wa'azi don kare rayukansu, watsi da jarirai ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka yi rajista a cikin rikodin wallafe-wallafen da kuma takardun shari'a.^[5]: 16 A cewar William Lecky, bayyanar a Farkon Zamanin Tsakiya, kamar yadda ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan kisan jarirai, "an yi shi a kan babban sikelin tare da cikakkiyar rashin hukunci, wanda marubuta da suka fi dacewa da rashin kulawa suka lura kuma, aƙalla a cikin yanayin iyaye marasa galihu, an dauke shi laifi ne".^[25]: 355-56 Koyaya an kafa gidan farko a Turai a Milan a cikin 787 saboda yawan kisan jarirai da haihuwa ba tare da aure ba. Asibitin Ruhu Mai Tsarki a Roma Paparoma Innocent III ne ya kafa shi saboda mata suna jefa jariransu cikin Kogin Tiber.^[26]

Ba kamar sauran yankuna na Turai ba, a tsakiyar zamanai mahaifiyar Jamus tana da damar fallasa jaririn.

A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, watsar da yara da ba a so a ƙarshe ya rufe kisan jarirai.  ^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An bar yara marasa so a ƙofar coci ko masallaci, kuma an ɗauka malamai su kula da renonsu. Wannan aikin ya kuma haifar da Gidajen marayu na farko.

Koyaya, yawan jima'i ya zama ruwan dare a ƙarshen Turai ta zamani, wanda zai iya nuna kisan jarirai na jima'i.^[27] Waldensians, ƙungiyar Kirista ta zamani kafin sake fasalin da Cocin Katolika ya ɗauka mai ridda, an zarge su da shiga cikin kisan jarirai.

Addinin Yahudanci ya haramta kisan jarirai, kuma ya kasance na ɗan lokaci, tun daga akalla farkon zamanin yau da kullun. Masana tarihi na Romawa sun rubuta game da ra'ayoyi da al'adun wasu mutane, waɗanda galibi sun bambanta da nasu. Tacitus ya rubuta cewa Yahudawa "sun yi tunani don ƙara yawan su, domin suna ɗaukar shi a matsayin laifi a kashe duk wani yaro da aka haifa marigayi".^[28] Josephus, wanda ayyukansa ke ba da muhimmiyar fahimta game da addinin Yahudanci na ƙarni na 1, ya rubuta cewa Allah "ya hana mata haifar da zubar da ciki na abin da aka haifa, ko kuma lalata shi daga baya".^[29]

In his book Germania, Tacitus wrote in Samfuri:CE that the ancient Germanic tribes enforced a similar prohibition. He found such mores remarkable and commented: "To restrain generation and the increase of children, is esteemed [by the Germans] an abominable sin, as also to kill infants newly born."^[30] It has become clear over the millennia, though, that Tacitus' description was inaccurate; the consensus of modern scholarship significantly differs. John Boswell believed that in ancient Germanic tribes unwanted children were exposed, usually in the forest.^[31]:218 "It was the custom of the [Teutonic] pagans, that if they wanted to kill a son or daughter, they would be killed before they had been given any food."^[31]:211 Usually children born out of wedlock were disposed of that way.

A cikin tasirinsa na Pre-historic Times, John Lubbock ya bayyana ƙasusuwan da aka ƙone wanda ke nuna aikin hadayar yara a arna a Burtaniya.^[32]

Waƙar ƙarshe, Marjatan poika (Son of Marjatta), na tarihin ƙasar Finland Kalevala ya bayyana cewa an kashe jarirai. Väinämöinen ya ba da umarnin jaririn Marjatta ya nutsar da shi a cikin wani marsh.

Íslendingabók, babban tushen farkon tarihin Iceland, ya ba da labarin cewa a kan Juyowa na Iceland zuwa Kiristanci a cikin 1000 an bayar da shi - don yin canjin da ya fi dacewa ga arna - cewa "tsoffin dokoki da ke ba da damar fallasa jarirai za su kasance a cikin iko".Koyaya, wannan tanadin - a tsakanin sauran izini da aka yi a lokacin ga arna - an soke shi bayan wasu shekaru.

Kiristanci a bayyane ya ki amincewa da kisan jarirai. Koyarwar Manzanni ko Didache sun ce "kada ku kashe yaro ta hanyar zubar da ciki, kuma kada ku kashe shi lokacin da aka haife shi". Wasiƙar Barnaba ta bayyana irin wannan umarni, ta haka ne zubar da ciki da kisan jarirai.^[33] Masu neman gafara Tertullian, Athenagoras, Minucius Felix, Justin Martyr da Lactantius suma sun ci gaba da cewa fallasa jariri zuwa mutuwa mummunan aiki ne.^[4] A cikin 318, Constantine na I la'akari da kisan jarirai laifi, kuma a cikin 374, Valentinian na I da umarnin renon dukkan yara (bayyana jarirai, musamman 'yan mata, har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare). Majalisar Constantinople ta bayyana cewa kisan jarirai kisan kai ne, kuma a cikin 589, Majalisar Toledo ta Uku ta dauki matakai game da al'adar kashe 'ya'yansu.^[24]

Wasu majiyoyin musulmai sun yi zargin cewa al'ummar Larabawa kafin Islama ta yi kisan jarirai a matsayin wani nau'i na "kariya daga haihuwa".^[34] An yi amfani da kalmar waʾd don bayyana aikin.^[35] Wadannan kafofin sun bayyana cewa ana yin kisan jarirai ko dai saboda talauci (don haka ana yin su a kan maza da mata daidai), ko kuma a matsayin "ƙuntatawa da tsoron kunya na zamantakewa da uba ya ji a lokacin haihuwar 'yar".^[34]

Wasu marubutan sun yi imanin cewa akwai karancin shaidar cewa kisan jarirai ya kasance a cikin Arabiya kafin Islama ko Tarihin Musulmi na farko, ban da batun Ƙabilar Tamim, wadanda suka yi shi a lokacin yunwa mai tsanani bisa ga tushen Islama. Sauran sun bayyana cewa "kisan jarirai na mata ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin Arabiya a wannan lokacin" (Arabiya ta farko), musamman ta hanyar binne jaririyar da rai.: 59 ^[36] Wani allon da aka gano a Yemen, wanda ya hana mutanen wani gari shiga cikin aikin, shine kawai rubutun da aka rubuta game da kisan jarirai a cikin tsibirin a zamanin kafin Islama. ^[37]

Kur'ani ya haramta kisan jarirai a bayyane. "Kuma kada ku kashe 'ya'yanku saboda tsoron talauci; Muna ba su abinci da kuma kanku ma; tabbas kashe su babban kuskure ne. " Tare da allahntaka da kisan kai, ana ɗaukar kisan jarirai a matsayin babban zunubi (duba 6:151 da 60:12). ^[38][34] Har ila yau, an yi tir da kisan jarirai a cikin labarin kisan da Fir'auna ya yi na 'ya'yan Isra'ilawa maza (duba 2:49; 7:127; 7:141; 14:6; 28:4; 40:25). ^[34]

Wataƙila an yi kisan jarirai a matsayin hadayar mutum, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bautar arna ta Perun. Ibn Fadlan ya bayyana ayyukan hadaya a lokacin tafiyarsa zuwa Kiev Rus (Ukraine na yanzu) a cikin 921-922, kuma ya bayyana wani abin da ya faru na wata mace da ta sadaukar da rayuwarta a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adar jana'izar wani fitaccen shugaba, amma bai ambaci kisan jarirai ba. Tarihin Firamare, daya daga cikin mahimman tushe na wallafe-wallafen kafin karni na 12, ya nuna cewa Vladimir the Great ne ya gabatar da hadayar mutum ga gumaka a cikin 980.  Wannan Vladimir mai girma ya canza Kiev Rus zuwa Kiristanci bayan shekaru 8 kawai, amma ana ci gaba da yin addinin arna a ɓoye a yankuna masu nisa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 13.  

Mai binciken Amurka George Kennan ya lura cewa tsakanin Koryaks, mutanen arewa maso gabashin Siberia, kisan jarirai har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a karni na sha tara. Ɗaya daga cikin tagwayen biyu ana yin hadaya koyaushe.^[39]

Kisan jarirai (a matsayin laifi) ya sami muhimmancin mashahuri da kuma ma'aikatar mulki a Burtaniya ta Victorian. A tsakiyar karni na 19, a cikin mahallin aikata laifuka da kare hauka, kashe ɗanta (ren) ya jawo muhawara mai tsanani, kamar yadda rawar mata a cikin al'umma ta bayyana ta hanyar uwa, kuma an yi tunanin cewa duk wata mace da ta kashe ɗanta ta kasance mahaukaciya kuma ba za a iya ɗaukar alhakin ayyukanta ba. An gabatar da shari'o'i da yawa a lokacin Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864-66, a matsayin wani laifi inda aka fara guje wa hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Sabon Dokar Talakawa ta 1834 ta kawo karshen taimakon Ikklisiya ga uwaye marasa aure kuma ta ba da damar iyayen 'ya'yan da ba a haifa su ba su biya bashin "taimako na yara".^[40] Iyaye marasa aure sun sami taimako kaɗan, kuma an bar matalauta tare da zaɓi na shiga gidan aiki, juya zuwa karuwanci, komawa ga kisan jarirai, ko zaɓar zubar da ciki. A tsakiyar karni kisan jarirai ya zama ruwan dare saboda dalilai na zamantakewa, kamar haramtacciyar doka, kuma gabatar da inshorar rayuwar yara ya kuma karfafa wasu mata su kashe 'ya'yansu don samun riba. Misalan sun hada da Mary Ann Cotton, wacce ta kashe yawancin 'ya'yanta 15 da mazaje uku; Margaret Waters, 'Brixton Baby Farmer', ƙwararren manomi wanda aka same shi da laifin kisan jarirai a 1870; Jessie King, wanda aka rataye shi a 1889; Amelia Dyer, 'Angel Maker', wanda ya kashe sama da jarirai 400 a cikin kulawarta; da Ada Chard-Williams, manomi wanda daga baya aka rataye a kurkukun Newgate.

Jaridar Times ta ruwaito cewa an kashe jarirai 67 a Landan a 1861 kuma an rubuta wasu 150 a matsayin "sun mutu", da yawa daga cikinsu an same su a kan tituna. Sauran 250 sun sha wahala, rabin su ba a rubuta su a matsayin mutuwar haɗari ba. Rahoton ya lura cewa "yaro a Landan dole ne ya shiga cikin rayuwa a tsakiyar abokan gaba".

Yin rikodin haihuwa a matsayin haihuwar haihuwa kuma wata hanya ce ta ɓoye kisan jarirai saboda haihuwar jarirai ba ta buƙatar yin rajista har zuwa 1926 kuma ba ta buƙatar binne su a makabarta ta jama'a. A cikin 1895 The Sun (London) ta buga labarin, "Massacre of the Innocents", Rana nuna haɗarin noma jarirai, rikodin jarirai, da kuma ambaton Athelstan Braxton Hicks, mai binciken London, a kan kwance a cikin gidaje:

Matar Burtaniya ta ƙarshe da aka kashe saboda kisan jariri ita ce Rebecca Smith, wacce aka rataye a Wiltshire a 1849.

Dokar Kare Rayuwar Jarirai ta 1897 ta buƙaci a sanar da hukumomin cikin sa'o'i 48 na canje-canje a cikin kulawa ko mutuwar yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru bakwai. A karkashin Dokar Yara ta 1908 "babu jariri da za a iya ajiyewa a cikin gidan da bai dace ba kuma ya cika da yawa don ya jefa lafiyar sa cikin haɗari, kuma babu jariri da ba ta dace ba wanda ya yi barazana, ta hanyar sakaci ko cin zarafi, kula da shi da kuma kulawa. "

Ya zuwa Karni na 3 BC, ba tare da kisa ba, an ɗora hukunci mafi tsanani ga masu aikata kisan jarirai ta hanyar ka'idojin doka na Daular Qin da Daular Han na tsohuwar kasar Sin.

Al'ummar kasar Sin sun yi kisan yara na jima'i. Masanin falsafa Han Fei Tzu, memba na aristocracy mai mulki na Karni na 3 , wanda ya haɓaka makarantar shari'a, ya rubuta: "Game da yara, uba da uwa lokacin da suka haifi yaro suna taya juna murna, amma lokacin da suka haifar da yarinya sai suka kashe ta. " Daga cikin Mutanen Hakka, kuma a Yunnan, Anhui, Sichuan, Jiangxi da Fujian hanya ce ta kashe jaririn don sanya ta cikin guga na ruwa mai sanyi, wanda ake kira "rashin jariri".

Infanticide was reported as early as the Samfuri:BCE, and, by the Song dynasty (Samfuri:CE), it was widespread in some provinces. Belief in reincarnation allowed poor residents of the country to kill their newborn children if they felt unable to care for them, hoping that they would be reborn in better circumstances. Furthermore, 18th and 19th century Qing reports of villagers in Liaoning show that they did not consider newborn children fully human, instead regarding life as beginning at some point after the sixth month after birth.