Harshen Tsonga

Henri-Alexandre Junod ɗan ƙasar Switzerland ya yi nazarin harshen Xitsonga dalla-dalla a tsakanin shekarun 1890 zuwa 1920, wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa yaren Xitsonga (wanda ya kira "harshen Thonga" a lokacin) ya fara bunƙasa a Mozambique. tun kafin 1400s. A cikin nasa maganar Junod yana cewa: ^[2] Junod da wasu masu wa’azi a ƙasar Switzerland kamar Henri Berthoud da Ernest Creux sun yi ƙarin nazari, waɗanda suka soma haɗa harshen don su kasance da daidaitacciyar hanyar rubutu da karatu. “Shigwamba” kalma ce da ’yan mishan suka yi amfani da ita don haɗa yaren a ƙarƙashin haɗin kai, duk da haka sunan bai saba da yawancin mutanen Tsonga ba kuma dole ne a maye gurbinsa da “Thonga/Tsonga”. Harry ya yi nuni ga wannan: ^[3]

As the term Gwamba was unknown outside the Spelonken, Henri Berthoud recommended that the mission abandon the term and replace it with the widely accepted genericism, Tonga/Thonga.

Masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje na Switzerland sun yi aiki tare da mutanen Tsonga, suna taimakawa wajen fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki daga Turanci da Sesotho zuwa Tsonga. Paul Berthoud ya buga littafi na farko a cikin 1883, godiya ga taimako daga fassarorin Mpapele (Mbizana) da Mandlati (Zambia). Mutanen biyu sun ƙware wajen koyarwa da kuma fassara yaren ga masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje tun da babu wani cikin masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da ya san shi kuma suna ba da lokaci mai yawa don koyan shi. An buga yaren mutanen Tsonga da yarukan kuma an buga littattafai na farko. Daga baya an yi rajistar harshen a matsayin "Xitsonga" a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu (Dokar 108 na 1996) kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin harshen hukuma. Daidaita harshen Xitsonga a sakamakon haka ya sa al'ummar Tsonga za su sami hanyar yin magana da rubutu tare.

Sunan "Tsonga" shine tushen Xitsonga (al'ada, harshe ko hanyoyin Tsonga), Mutsonga (mutum Tsonga), Vatsonga (mutanen Tsonga), da dai sauransu. A cikin harshen Vatsonga da kansu, tushen bai taba bayyana da kansa ba. . Tsonga ce don sauƙi da samun dama ga al'ummar duniya baki ɗaya.

Dangane da asalin sunan, akwai ka'idoji guda uku. Na farko ya bayyana cewa Tsonga wani karin magana ne na Dzonga, wanda ke nufin "Kudu" da kuma sunan daya daga cikin yarukan Xitsonga. Ka'idar ta biyu ita ce, madadin rubutun tsohuwar sunan kakanni na kungiyoyin Chopi da Tembe, Tonga/Thonga. ^[4] Sauran bayanin Zulu na madadin haruffan "Thonga" shine cewa mutanen Tembe da Rhonga, waɗanda su ne farkon zuwa Delagoa Bay da kewayen Natal Bay, sun canza Rhonga "Rh" zuwa hanyar Zulu na "Th" . Misali shine rhuma (Kalmar Tsonga don "aika") ta zama thuma (kalmar Zulu don aiki iri ɗaya). Na uku kuma mafi karbuwa shi ne, wata lafazin “Rhonga” ne, tushen kalmar “vurhonga” na gabas ko kuma inda rana ta fito. Vurhonga kuma yana nufin wayewar gari a cikin Xitsonga. Rhonga (wanda aka saba rubuta kuma ba da kuskure kamar Ronga) ɗaya ne daga cikin yarukan Tsonga. Shaida ta zahiri na yawancin mutanen Tsonga da ke zaune a bakin tekun gabashin Afirka a kudu, suna faɗaɗa cikin ƙasa zuwa yamma, ya sa wannan bayanin ya kasance mai gayyata. Duk da haka Junod ya fara amfani da ronga ronga amma kuma ya gane cewa dangin arewa ba sa yawan amfani da sunan 'Ronga' a matsayin sunan asalinsu, amma tabbas Tsonga asalin Ronga ne.

Yawancin rubuce-rubucen tarihi game da Tsonga yana la'akari da sakamakon mfecane inda mutanen Nguni suka mamaye yawancin kabilun Afirka da suka kasance a Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Mozambique, da Zimbabwe.

Tsonga yaren Bantu ne (Guthrie code S.53), mai alaƙa da sauran membobi zuwa ƙungiyar Tswa-Ronga (S.50):

1. Yaren Ronga (Rhonga) sune Kalanga (Xinyisa, Xindindindi (Xizingili), Putru, da Xinyondroma.
2. Yaren Tsonga (Gwamba, Gwapa) sune Bila (Vila), Djonga (Dzonga, Jonga), Hlanganu (Langanu, Nhlanganu), Hlave (Mbayi, Nkuna, Pai), Kande, Khosa, Luleke, N'walungu (Ngwalungu), Nkuma, Songa, Valoyi, Xika, and Xonga.
3. Yaren Tswa (Tshwa) sune Dzibi (Dzivi), Dzibi-Dzonga (Dzivi-Dzonga), Tshwa, Hlengwe (Lengwe, Lhenge), Khambani, Makwakwe-Khambani, Mandla, Ndxhonge, da Nhayi (Nyai, Nyayi).

Yaren Thonga/Tsonga shida ne kawai ke wanzu kuma an gano waɗannan tun farkon shekarun 1900. Waɗannan su ne xiRonga, xiHlanganu, xiBila, xiDjonga, xiN'walungu, da xiHlengwe. Duk sauran bambance-bambancen da ke cikin Afirka ta Kudu ƙananan yaruka ne na waɗanda aka ambata. Yarukan da aka fi amfani da su a yankunan karkarar Limpopo sune N'walungu, Bila, Hlengwe, da Hlanganu. Kalmomin Xitsonga da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su suma sun dogara ne akan waɗannan yaruka (cf. Junod 1912, shafi na 1912). 470-473)

Yaren Thonga/Tsonga shida ne kawai ke wanzu kuma an gano waɗannan tun farkon shekarun 1900. Waɗannan su ne xiRonga, xiHlanganu, xiBila, xiDjonga, xiN'walungu, da xiHlengwe. Duk sauran bambance-bambancen da ke cikin Afirka ta Kudu ƙananan yaruka ne na waɗanda aka ambata. Yarukan da aka fi amfani da su a yankunan karkarar Limpopo sune N'walungu, Bila, Hlengwe, da Hlanganu. Kalmomin Xitsonga da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su suma sun dogara ne akan waɗannan yaruka (cf. Junod 1912, shafi na 1912). 

Don "harshen", harsuna daban-daban da yarukan suna amfani da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin prefixes masu zuwa: Bi-, Chi-, Ci-, Gi-, Ici-, Ki-, Ma-, Shee-, Shi-, Txi-, Wa-, Wa-, da Xi-. Ga "mutanen", suna amfani da ko dai "Ba-" ko "Va-".

Tsonga yana da bambanci tsakanin modal da baƙon murya mai numfashi : /bʱ, bvʱ, vʱ, dʱ, ɖʐʱ, dʒʱ, ɡʱ/</link> vs /b, bv, v, d, ɖʐ, dʒ, ɡ/</link> daga cikin abubuwan da suka hana (daya daga cikinsu shine /ɮ/</link> ), da /m̤, n̤, ŋ̈, r̤, ȷ̈, w̤/</link> vs /m, n, ŋ, r, j, w/</link> a cikin sonnorants (wanda banda shine /ɲ/</link> ). Ƙididdigar kashi kamar haka:

Dogayen wasula ana rubuta su biyu. Ba a bambanta wasulan da aka sanya hanci a rubuce; [ĩ, ẽ, ə̃]</link> ana samun su ne kawai a cikin kalmomin 'yes' da 'a'a', yayin da [ã]</link> ana samunsa a cikin ƴan kalmomin mimitic. Tsakiyar wasali na iya bambanta daga kusa-tsakiyar zuwa buɗe-tsakiyar; gaba ɗaya suna kusa-tsakiyar [e, o]</link> kafin babban wasali, /i/</link> ko /u/</link> , kuma low-mid [ɛ, ɔ]</link> in ba haka ba. Ana iya gane wasulan kamar gunaguni [i̤, a̤]</link> lokacin bin baƙaƙen numfashi.

Yawancin waɗannan baƙaƙe na iya kasancewa kafin hanci, amma ba baƙar fata ba ne: aƙalla a matsayi na farko, su ne na hanci – jerin abubuwan toshewa inda hancin yake syllabic.

Sautunan baƙar fata daban-daban na iya canza wurin magana. Yawancin masu magana da Tsonga sun bambanta affricates daga alveolar [ts], [tsʰ], [dz], [dzʱ], [dzʷʱ]</link> zuwa retroflex [tʂ], [tʂʰ], [dʐ], [dʐʱ], [dʐʷʱ]</link> ; Na ƙarshe ana busa su da rauni cikin Tsonga daidai kuma cikin yaren Changana. Labiodental [ɱ]</link> da hakori [n̪]</link> suna bayyana a cikin gungu na baƙar fata na homorganic.

Ba kamar wasu harsunan Nguni ba, Tsonga yana da ƴan kalmomi kaɗan tare da latsa baƙaƙe, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta a wuri tsakanin hakori [ᵏǀ], [ᵏǀʰ], [ᵏǀʷʰ], [ᶢǀ], [ᶢǀʷ]</link> da postalveolar [ᵏ!], [ᵏ!ʰ], [ᵏ!ʷʰ], [ᶢ!], [ᶢ!ʷ]</link> . Misalai su ne: ngqondo</link> (mind), gqoka</link> (tufafi), guqa</link> (guiwa), riqingo</link> (phone), qiqi</link> (kunne), qamba</link> (hada), Mugqivela</link> (Asabar).

Nahawu gabaɗaya nau'in yarukan Bantu ne tare da tsari-fi'ili-kayan abu . Tsarin yana canzawa zuwa batun — abu — fi’ili lokacin magana da wani mutum:

Kusan duk infinitives suna da prefix ku - kuma sun ƙare da - a .

Babban banda wannan shi ne fi’ili ku ri</link> - "in faɗi" Ya yi daidai da "ti" a cikin sauran harsunan Bantu da yawa. Misalan amfaninsa sun haɗa da:</br> u ri yini?</link> - Me kake ce? (Me kake fada?)</br> ndzi ri ka n'wina</link> – Ina gaya muku duka.

A yawancin lokuta ri</link> sau da yawa ana tsallake kuma ta haka ku</link> a kan kansa kuma yana iya nufin "ce".</br> Va ri ndza penga</link> – Suna cewa ni mahaukaci ne.</br> Va ri yini?</link> – Me suke cewa? (Me suke cewa?)

Halin halin yanzu</br> Halin halin yanzu yana samuwa ta hanyar amfani da karin magana na sirri kawai tare da fi'ili.</br> Ndzi lava mali</link> - Ina son kudi,</br> Hi tirha siku hinkwaro</link> - Muna aiki duk rana,</br> Mi(u) lava mani?</link> – Wanene kuke nema?</br> U kota ku famba</link> – S/Ya san tafiya.

Gabatar da ci gaba</br> Gabaɗaya, don nuna ayyuka masu gudana a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar suna na sirri, ya sauke i</link> kuma ya kara a</link> .</br> Ndzi nghena (e)ndlwini</link> - Ina shiga gida,</br> Ha tirha sweswi</link> - Muna aiki a yanzu,</br> Ma hemba</link> - Ku (jam'i) kuna ƙarya.</br> Wa hemba</link> – Kai (mufuradi) karya kake,</br> Wa hemba</link> – S/Ya karya,</br> Tare da jam'i va</link> (su) babu bambanci. Don haka va hemba</link> = "karya suke" da "karya suke".

Lokacin da ya gabata</br> Wannan na daya daga cikin hanyoyi uku, dangane da kalmar.</br> (i) Gabaɗaya, mutum yana sauke a</link> daga fi'ili kuma yana ƙara prefix -ile</link></br> Ndzi nghenile ndlwini</link> - Na shiga gida,</br> Hi tirhile siku hinkwaro</link> - Mun yi aiki duk rana,</br> U hembile</link> – Kun yi karya,</br> U hembile</link> – S/Ya yi karya,</br> Va hembile</link> – Sun yi ƙarya.

(ii) Da kalmomin da suka ƙare da -ala</link> , abin da ya gabata ya canza zuwa -ele</link> or -ale</link> .</br> ku rivala</link> - mantuwa,</br> Ndzi rivele</link> – Na manta, U rivele</link> – kun manta, Va rivele</link> – sun manta,</br> Ku nyamalala</link> – A bace,</br> U nyamalarile</link> – S/Ya – bace,</br> Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta yanayin zama suma suna amfani da lokacin da ya wuce.</br> Ku karhala</link> - Don gajiya,</br> Ndzi karhele</link> – Na gaji, U karhele</link> – S/Ya gaji, Va karhele</link> – Sun gaji.

(iii) A yawancin lokuta kawai canza na ƙarshe a</link> a cikin fi'ili zuwa e</link> yana nuna ayyukan da suka gabata.</br> Ku fika</link> – Da koma,</br> U fike tolo</link> – S/Ya iso jiya,</br> Ndzi fike tolo</link> – Na iso jiya,</br> Hi tirhe siku hinkwaro</link> - Mun yi aiki duk rana,</br> Ndzi nghene (e)ndlwini</link> – Na shiga gidan.

Zaman gaba</br> Wannan yana samuwa ta hanyar ƙara ta</link> a tsakanin karin magana na sirri da fi’ili.</br> Ndzi ta nghena (e)ndlwini</link> - Zan shiga gidan,</br> Hi ta tirha siku hinkwaro</link> - Za mu yi aiki duk rana,</br> Va ta tirha siku hinkwaro</link> - Za su yi aiki duk rana,</br> Mi ta tirha siku hinkwaro</link> – Ku (jam’i) za ku yi aiki duk rana.

Tsonga yana da azuzuwan da yawa, kamar sauran harsunan Bantu, waɗanda ake koyo ta hanyar haddace galibi. Wadannan su ne:

• A cikin darasi na 9 da 10, yi</link> yana nan lokacin da tushe na suna yana da sila ɗaya, kuma ba ya nan.

Sunayen karin magana a cikin Tsonga sun yi kama da na sauran harsunan Bantu da yawa, tare da ƴan bambancin.

Ana iya rarraba waɗannan a matsayin mutum na farko (mai magana), mutum na biyu (wanda aka yi magana da shi), da kuma mutum na uku (wanda aka yi magana akai). Hakanan ana rarraba su da lambar nahawu, watau mufurai da jam'i. Babu bambanci tsakanin batu da abu.

Kowane karin magana yana da madaidaicin yarjejeniya ko morpheme yarjejeniya . ^{[ <span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2012)">bayani da ake bukata</span> ]}

Kalmomin Xitsonga suna da kamanceceniya ba kawai ga yawancin harsunan Afirka ta Kudu ba har ma da sauran harsunan Bantu na Gabas, misali, Kiswahili. ^[6]

Tsonga, kamar sauran harsunan Afirka, harsuna daban-daban na turawa sun yi tasiri a kansu. Kalmomin Tsonga sun haɗa da kalmomin da aka aro daga Turanci, Afrikaans, da Fotigal . Har ila yau, saboda hadewar al'ummar Shangaan, ta dauki wasu kalmomi daga harsunan Nguni.

• Thelevhixini (Mavonakule) – television
• Rhediyo (Xiyanimoya) – Radio
• Xitulu – chair (Stool)
• Wachi (Xikomba-nkarhi) – watch (to tell time)
• Movha (Xipandza-mananga) – car (automobile)
• Sokisi – socks
• Nghilazi – glass
• Tliloko – clock(bell)
• Masipala – municipal (plural: vamasipala)
• Makhiya/swikhiya (Xilotlela) – keys

Kalmomin da aka aro daga Afirkaans

• lekere – sweets (lekkers)
• fasitere – window (venster)
• lepula – spoon (lepel)
• kereke – church (kerk)
• buruku – trousers (broek)
• domu – idiot (dom)
• tafula – table (tafel)
• xipuku – ghost (spook)

Kalmomin da aka aro daga wasu harsunan Nguni:

• riqingho – phone
• ku qonda – to head towards (not standard = ku kongoma)
• ku gcina – to end (not standard = ku hetelela)
• ku zama – to try (not standard = ku ringeta)

Xitsonga yana amfani da haruffan Latin . Duk da haka, ana rubuta wasu sautuna ta hanyar amfani da haɗin haruffa, waɗanda ko dai babu su a cikin yarukan Indo-Turai, ko kuma ana iya nufin bambance yaren ɗan kaɗan.

Misalin wannan shine harafin "x" da aka ɗauko daga rubutun harshen Portuguese, wanda aka furta /ʃ/</link> . Saboda haka, an rubuta waɗannan kalmomi, [ʃuʃa], [ʃikolo], [ʃilo], a cikin Tsonga as -xuxa, xikolo,</link> da xilo</link> .

Sauran bambance-bambancen rubutun sun haɗa da harafin "c", wanda ake furta /t͡ʃ/</link> . Duk da haka, inda aka ba da fifikon kalma akan wasali mai zuwa harafin yana taurare ta hanyar ƙara "h" wannan kalmar Tsonga -chava ( tsoro)

Sauti daidai da Welsh "ll" ( /ɬ/</link> ) an rubuta "hl" a cikin Tsonga, misali -hlangana (gadu), -hlasela (kai hari), -hleka (dariya)

Sautin busa gama gari a cikin harshen ana rubuta "sw" ko "sv" a cikin ChiShona na Zimbabwe. Wannan sauti a haƙiƙa na cikin ajin "x-sw" a cikin harshe. Misali:

• sweswi (now)
• xilo (thing) – swilo (things)
• xikolo (school) – swikolo (schools)
• Xikwembu (God) – swikwembu (gods)

Wani sautin busawa ana rubuta "dy" amma ba shi da irin Ingilishi, mafi kusa shine sautin "dr" a kalmar Ingilishi "drive"

An daidaita Xitsonga a matsayin harshen da aka rubuta. Koyaya, akwai yaruka da yawa a cikin harshen waɗanda ƙila ba za su furta kalmomi kamar yadda aka rubuta ba. Alal misali, Littafi Mai Tsarki na Tsonga yana amfani da kalmar byela</link> (gaya), lafazin bwe-la, duk da haka babban rukuni na masu magana za su ce "dzvela" maimakon.

Addu’ar Ubangiji kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Xitsonga (Bibele)

sintu</link> tsarin rubutu, Isibheqe Sohlamvu/Ditema tsa Dinoko</link> , also known a technically in Xitsonga as Xiyinhlanharhu xa Mipfawulo</link> , ana amfani dashi don duk nau'in Xitsonga. Sunan nau'i-nau'i na aji 7/8 da ke sama ana wakilta kamar haka:

xilo</link>		swilo</link>
xikolo</link>		swikolo</link>
xikwembu</link>		swikwembu</link>

Kamar sauran harsuna da yawa, Xitsonga yana da karin magana da yawa; waɗannan suna bayyana a cikin azuzuwan daban-daban. Suna bayyana a rukunin dabbobi, bishiyoyi da mutane.

• PanAfriL10n shafi akan Tsonga
• Tsonga akan translatewiki.net
• Kamus na Kan layi na Xitsonga akan Xitsonga.org