کاربر:Aramesh.aram/صفحه تمرین ۲

چارلز اسپنسر چاپلین جونیور در ۱۶ آوریل ۱۸۸۹ زاده شد. والدینش هانا چاپلین (با زادنام هیل) و چارلز چاپلین سنیور بودند؛ مادربزرگ پدری چاپلین از خانوادهٔ اسمیت بود، که کولی محسوب می‌شدند.^{[۱][۲][۳][۴]} هیچ ثبت رسمی از تولد او وجود ندارد، اگر‌چه خود چاپلین معتقد است که او در خیابان ایست، والوورث، در لندن جنوبی زاده شده‌است.^[۵][الف] والدین چاپلین چهار سال پیش ازدواج کرده بودند، در آن هنگام چارلز سنیور قیم قانونی نخستین پسر هانا، سیدنی جان هیل شد.^[۹][ب] هنگامی که چاپلین زاده شد، هردوی والدینش سرگرمی‌سازان تالارهای موسیقی بودند. هانا، دختر یک کفاش،^[۱۰] حرفه‌ای کوتاه و ناموفق روی صحنه با نام لیلی هارلی داشت،^[۱۱] در حالی که چارلز سنیور، پسر یک قصاب،^[۱۲] خواننده‌ای محبوب بود.^[۱۳] اگرچه آنان هرگز طلاق نگرفتند، والدین چاپلین حدوداً در ۱۸۹۱ از هم فاصله گرفتند.^[۱۴] سال آینده، سومین پسر هانا به نام جرج ویلر درایدن زاده شد که پدرش سرگرمی‌ساز تالار موسیقی لئو درایدن بود. درایدن فرزندش را در شش ماهگی بُرد و ویلر تا ۳۰ سال آینده دوباره وارد زندگی چارلی چاپلین نشد.^[۱۵]

کودکی چاپلین پر از فقر و سختی بود، که به گفتهٔ زندگی‌نامه‌نویس مجازش دیوید رابینسون، این موضوع مسیر نهایی چاپلین را «دراماتیک‌ترین داستان از میان همهٔ داستان‌هایی که تاکنون دربارهٔ [رسیدن] از فرش به عرش گفته شده‌است» ساخت.^[۱۶] سال‌های نخست زندگی چاپلین با مادر و برادرش سیدنی در ناحیهٔ کنینگتون لندن سپری شد. هانا هیچ منبع درآمدی غیر از گهگاهی پرستاری و دوخت لباس زنانه نداشت و چارلز سنیور پشتیبانی مالی نمی‌کرد.^[۱۷] همان‌طور که اوضاع بدتر شد، چاپلین هنگامی که هفت سال داشت، به خانهٔ فقرای لمبت فرستاده شد.^[پ] شورا او را در مدرسهٔ محلی لندن مرکزی برای گدایان قرار داد، که چاپلین از آن با عنوان «یه جهان متروکه» یاد کرد.^[۱۹] او ۱۸ ماه بعد، دوباره برای مدتی کوتاه به مادرش پیوست، پیش از این‌که هانا مجبور شد در ژوئیهٔ ۱۸۹۸ خانواده‌اش را به خانهٔ فقرا بفرستد. پسران فوراً به مدارس نوروود فرستاده شدند، مؤسسه‌ای دیگر برای کودکان تهی‌دست.^[۲۰]

در سپتامبر ۱۸۹۸، هانا به آسایشگاه روانی کین هیل مقید شد؛ به نظر می‌رسید که هانا بر اثر عفونت سیفلیس و سوءتغذیه به روان‌پریشی مبتلا شده‌است.^[۲۲] در طول دو ماهی که هانا آنجا بود، چارلی چاپلین و برادرش سیدنی برای زندگی پیش پدرشان رفتند، که خیلی کم پسران جوان را می‌شناخت.^[۲۳] چارلز سنیور در آن هنگام شدیداً الکلی بود و زندگی پسران با او به حدی بد بود که موجب دیداری از سوی جامعهٔ ملی پیشگیری از بی‌رحمی در برابر کودکان شد.^[۲۴] چارلز سنیور دو سال دیگر در ۳۸ سالگی بر اثر سیروز درگذشت.^[۲۵]

هانا وارد دورهٔ بهبودی شد، اما در مهٔ ۱۹۰۳ دوباره بیمار شد.^[۲۴] چارلی چاپلین که در آن هنگام ۱۴ سال داشت، مسئولیت بُردَن مادرش به درمانگاه را پذیرفت، هانا از آنجا به کین هیل بازگردانده شد.^[۲۶] چاپلین برای چند روز به تنهایی زندگی کرد، دنبال غذا گشت و گاهی کارتن‌خوابی می‌کرد، تا این‌که سیدنی – که دو سال پیش به نیروی دریایی پیوسته بود – بازگشت.^[۲۷] هانا هشت ماه دیگر از آسایشگاه مرخص شد،^[۲۸] اما در مارس ۱۹۰۵ بیماری او بازگشت و این بار همیشگی بود. چاپلین بعدها در این باره نوشت: «هیچ کاری غیر از پذیرفتن سرنوشت بد مادر نمی‌توانستیم انجام دهیم» و هانا تا هنگام مرگش در ۱۹۲۸ از مراقبت برخوردار بود.^[۲۹]

میان دوران حضور چاپلین در مدارس فقرا و تسلیم شدن مادرش در برابر بیماری روانی، او به اجرا روی صحنه روی آورد. او بعدها به یاد آورد که نخستین بار در سن پنج سالگی شبی در الدرشات به جای مادرش اجرایی غیرحرفه‌ای را ارائه کرده‌است.^[ت] این پیشامدی جداگانه بود، اما تا هنگامی که چاپلین ۹ سال داشت، با دلگرمی مادرش، علاقه‌اش به اجرا افزایش یافت. او بعدها نوشت: «[او] با این احساس که من یک جور استعدادهایی دارم مرا اشباع کرد».^[۳۱] از طریق روابط پدرش،^[۳۲] چاپلین عضوی از یک گروه رقص کفش چوبی به نام هشت پسر لانکاشر شد و در طول سال‌های ۱۸۹۹ و ۱۹۰۰ در تالارهای موسیقی انگلستان تور برگزار کرد.^[ث] چاپلین سخت کار کرد و بازیگری‌اش میانِ مخاطبان محبوب بود، اما او از رقصیدن راضی نبود و آرزو داشت تا بازیگری کمدی شود.^[۳۴]

در طول سال‌هایی که چاپلین داشت با هشت پسر لانکاشر تور برگزار می‌کرد، مادرش اطمینان حاصل کرد که او هنوز به مدرسه می‌رود، اما تا سن ۱۳ سالگی او تحصیل را ترک کرد.^[۳۵][۳۶] او خود را با دامنهٔ گسترده‌ای از مشاغل حمایت کرد و در همین حال، از آرزویش برای بازیگر شدن دست نکشید.^[۳۷] در ۱۴ سالگی، اندکی پس از این‌که بیماری مادرش باز هم عود کرد، او با یک آژانس تئاتری در وست اند لندن قرارداد بست. مدیر پتانسیل بازیگری را در او حس کرد و همین باعث شد که فوراً به چاپلین نخستین نقشش را به‌عنوان پسری روزنامه‌فروش در جیم، عاشقانه‌ای عشرتگاهی اثر هری آرتور سینتسبری بدهند.^[۳۸] نمایش در ژوئیهٔ ۱۹۰۳ آغاز شد، اما ناموفق بود و پس از دو هفته به پایان رسید. به هر حال، از اجرای کمدی چاپلین در خیلی از نقدها تمجید شد.^[۳۹]

سینتسبری برای چاپلین در نمایشنامهٔ شرلوک هولمز اثر چارلز فرومن نقشی جور کرد، جایی که او نقش بیلی خدمتکار را در سه تور ملی بازی کرد.^[۴۰] از اجرای چاپلین خیلی استقبال شد، تا حدی که او به لندن فراخوانده شد تا این نقش را در کنار ویلیام جیلت، بازیگر اصلی نقش شرلوک هولمز ایفا کند.^[ج] چاپلین به یاد آورد: «این مانند مژده‌ای از سوی بهشت بود».^[۴۲] چاپلین ۱۶ ساله از اکتبر تا دسامبر ۱۹۰۵ در تئاتر دوک یورک، وست اند بود و نقش خود را در این نمایشنامه بازی می‌کرد.^[۴۳] او در اوایل ۱۹۰۶ تور نهایی شرلوک هولمز را به پایان رساند و سپس، این نمایشنامه را پس از بیش از دو سال و نیم ترک کرد.^[۴۴]

چاپلین به‌زودی با شرکت تازه‌ای کار پیدا کرد و با برادرش که او هم به دنبال حرفهٔ بازیگری بود، در یک کمدی اسکچ به نام تعمیرات به تور رفت.^[۴۵] در مهٔ ۱۹۰۶، چاپلین به سیرک نقش‌آفرینی نوجوانان کیسی پیوست،^[۴۶] جایی که او آثار بورلسک محبوبی را ارائه کرد و به‌زودی ستارهٔ نمایش شد. تا هنگامی که اجرای آنان در تور در ژوئیهٔ ۱۹۰۷ به پایان رسید، چاپلین ۱۸ ساله به اجراکنندهٔ کمدی چیره‌دستی تبدیل شده بود؛^[۴۷] اگرچه، او برای یافتن کار بیشتری تلاش کرد و تلاش مختصرش برای بازیگری به‌تنهایی یک شکست بود.^[چ]

در همین حال، سیدنی چاپلین در ۱۹۰۶ به شرکت کمدی بلندآوازهٔ فرد کارنو پیوسته بود و تا ۱۹۰۸، از اجراکنندگان کلیدی آنان شده بود.^[۴۹] در فوریهٔ همان سال، سیدنی توانست دو هفتهٔ آزمایشی را برای برادر کوچکترش فراهم کند. کارنو در آغاز نامطمئن بود و چاپلین را یک «جوانک پژمرده، فسقلی [و] دلگیرنما» سنجید که «[برای] انجام هر کار خوبی در تئاتر، خیلی خجالتی به نظر می‌رسید».^[۵۰] اگرچه، نخستین شب اجرای چاپلین در کولیسئوم لندن تأثیرگذار بود و باعث شد که سریعاً قراردادی امضا کند.^[۵۱] چاپلین با ایفای مجموعه‌ای از نقش‌های جزئی، کارش را آغاز کرد و سرانجام، از ۱۹۰۹ به ایفای نقش‌های اصلی پرداخت.^[۵۲] در آوریل ۱۹۱۰، او در یک اسکچ جدید به نام جیمی بی‌باک نقش اصلی را ایفا کرد. این اسکچ موفقیتی بزرگ بود و چاپلین توجه فراوانی را از سوی مطبوعات دریافت کرد.^[۵۳]

کارنو ستارهٔ تازه‌اش را برای پیوستن به بخشی از شرکت، که استن لورل نیز در آن بود، برگزید و در سیرک‌های ودویل آمریکای شمالی تور برگزار کرد.^[۵۴][۵۵] چاپلین جوان نمایش را هدایت کرد و منتقدان را تحت تأثیر قرار داد، به‌طوری که او را «یکی از بهترین هنرمندان پانتومیمی که تاکنون اینجا دیده شده‌است» دانستند.^[۵۶] موفق‌ترین نقش او فردی می‌گسار بود که «معرکهٔ سرمست» نامیده می‌شد، که مسبب شهرت قابل‌توجهی برای چاپلین شد.^[۵۷] تور ۲۱ ماه طول کشید و گروه در ژوئن ۱۹۱۲ به انگلستان بازگشت.^[۵۸] چاپلین به یاد آورد که او «از این بابت که به یک روزمرگی پیش‌پاافتاده و ناامیدکننده برگردد، حس نگرانی داشت» و برای همین، هنگامی که تور تازه‌ای در اکتبر آغاز گردید شادمان شد.^[۵۹]

Six months into the second American tour, Chaplin was invited to join the New York Motion Picture Company. A representative who had seen his performances thought he could replace Fred Mace, a star of their Keystone Studios who intended to leave.^[۶۰] Chaplin thought the Keystone comedies "a crude mélange of rough and rumble", but liked the idea of working in films and rationalised: "Besides, it would mean a new life."^[۶۱] He met with the company and signed a $150-per-week^[ح] contract in September 1913.^[۶۲] Chaplin arrived in Los Angeles in early December,^[۶۳] and began working for the Keystone studio on 5 January 1914.^[۶۴]

Chaplin (left) in his first film appearance, Making a Living, with Henry Lehrman who directed the picture (1914)

Chaplin's trademark character "the Tramp" debuts in Kid Auto Races at Venice (1914), Chaplin's second released film

Chaplin's boss was Mack Sennett, who initially expressed concern that the 24-year-old looked too young.^[۶۵] He was not used in a picture until late January, during which time Chaplin attempted to learn the processes of filmmaking.^[۶۶] The one-reeler Making a Living marked his film acting debut and was released on 2 February 1914. Chaplin strongly disliked the picture, but one review picked him out as "a comedian of the first water".^[۶۷] For his second appearance in front of the camera, Chaplin selected the costume with which he became identified. He described the process in his autobiography:

I wanted everything to be a contradiction: the pants baggy, the coat tight, the hat small and the shoes large ... I added a small moustache, which, I reasoned, would add age without hiding my expression. I had no idea of the character. But the moment I was dressed, the clothes and the makeup made me feel the person he was. I began to know him, and by the time I walked on stage he was fully born.^[۶۸][خ]

The film was Mabel's Strange Predicament, but "the Tramp" character, as it became known, debuted to audiences in Kid Auto Races at Venice – shot later than Mabel's Strange Predicament but released two days earlier on 7 February 1914.^[۷۰][۷۱] Chaplin adopted the character as his screen persona and attempted to make suggestions for the films he appeared in. These ideas were dismissed by his directors.^[۷۲] During the filming of his 11th picture, Mabel at the Wheel, he clashed with director Mabel Normand and was almost released from his contract. Sennett kept him on, however, when he received orders from exhibitors for more Chaplin films.^[۷۳] Sennett also allowed Chaplin to direct his next film himself after Chaplin promised to pay $1,500 ($۴۴٬۰۰۰ in ۲۰۲۲ dollars) if the film was unsuccessful.^[۷۴]

Caught in the Rain, issued 4 May 1914, was Chaplin's directorial debut and was highly successful.^[۷۵] Thereafter he directed almost every short film in which he appeared for Keystone,^[۷۶] at the rate of approximately one per week,^[۷۷] a period which he later remembered as the most exciting time of his career.^[۷۸] Chaplin's films introduced a slower form of comedy than the typical Keystone farce,^[۷۰] and he developed a large fan base.^[۷۹] In November 1914, he had a supporting role in the first feature length comedy film, Tillie's Punctured Romance, directed by Sennett and starring Marie Dressler, which was a commercial success and increased his popularity.^[۸۰] When Chaplin's contract came up for renewal at the end of the year, he asked for $1,000 a week,^[د] an amount Sennett refused as he thought it was too large.^[۸۱]

The Essanay Film Manufacturing Company of Chicago sent Chaplin an offer of $1,250^[ذ] a week with a signing bonus of $10,000.^[ر] He joined the studio in late December 1914,^[۸۲] where he began forming a stock company of regular players, actors he worked with again and again, including Ben Turpin, Leo White, Bud Jamison, Paddy McGuire, Fred Goodwins, and Billy Armstrong. He soon recruited a leading lady, Edna Purviance, whom Chaplin met in a café and hired on account of her beauty. She went on to appear in 35 films with Chaplin over eight years;^[۸۳] the pair also formed a romantic relationship that lasted until 1917.^[۸۴]

Chaplin asserted a high level of control over his pictures and started to put more time and care into each film.^[۸۵] There was a month-long interval between the release of his second production, A Night Out, and his third, The Champion.^[۸۶] The final seven of Chaplin's 14 Essanay films were all produced at this slower pace.^[۸۷] Chaplin also began to alter his screen persona, which had attracted some criticism at Keystone for its "mean, crude, and brutish" nature.^[۸۸] The character became more gentle and romantic;^[۸۹] The Tramp (April 1915) was considered a particular turning point in his development.^[۹۰] The use of pathos was developed further with The Bank, in which Chaplin created a sad ending. Robinson notes that this was an innovation in comedy films, and marked the time when serious critics began to appreciate Chaplin's work.^[۹۱] At Essanay, writes film scholar Simon Louvish, Chaplin "found the themes and the settings that would define the Tramp's world".^[۹۲]

During 1915, Chaplin became a cultural phenomenon. Shops were stocked with Chaplin merchandise, he was featured in cartoons and comic strips, and several songs were written about him.^[۹۳] In July, a journalist for Motion Picture Magazine wrote that "Chaplinitis" had spread across America.^[۹۴] As his fame grew worldwide, he became the film industry's first international star.^[۹۵] When the Essanay contract ended in December 1915,^[۹۶][ز] Chaplin, fully aware of his popularity, requested a $150,000^[ژ] signing bonus from his next studio. He received several offers, including Universal, Fox, and Vitagraph, the best of which came from the Mutual Film Corporation at $10,000^[س] a week.^[۹۸]

A contract was negotiated with Mutual that amounted to $670,000^[ش] a year,^[۹۹] which Robinson says made Chaplin – at 26 years old – one of the highest-paid people in the world.^[۱۰۰] The high salary shocked the public and was widely reported in the press.^[۱۰۱] John R. Freuler, the studio president, explained: "We can afford to pay Mr. Chaplin this large sum annually because the public wants Chaplin and will pay for him."^[۱۰۲]

Mutual gave Chaplin his own Los Angeles studio to work in, which opened in March 1916.^[۱۰۳] He added two key members to his stock company, Albert Austin and Eric Campbell,^[۱۰۴] and produced a series of elaborate two-reelers: The Floorwalker, The Fireman, The Vagabond, One A.M., and The Count.^[۱۰۵] For The Pawnshop, he recruited the actor Henry Bergman, who was to work with Chaplin for 30 years.^[۱۰۶] Behind the Screen and The Rink completed Chaplin's releases for 1916. The Mutual contract stipulated that he release a two-reel film every four weeks, which he had managed to achieve. With the new year, however, Chaplin began to demand more time.^[۱۰۷] He made only four more films for Mutual over the first ten months of 1917: Easy Street, The Cure, The Immigrant, and The Adventurer.^[۱۰۸] With their careful construction, these films are considered by Chaplin scholars to be among his finest work.^{[۱۰۹][۱۱۰]} Later in life, Chaplin referred to his Mutual years as the happiest period of his career.^[۱۱۱] However, Chaplin also felt that those films became increasingly formulaic over the period of the contract, and he was increasingly dissatisfied with the working conditions encouraging that.^[۱۱۲]

Chaplin was attacked in the British media for not fighting in the First World War.^[۱۱۳] He defended himself, claiming that he would fight for Britain if called and had registered for the American draft, but he was not summoned by either country.^[ص] Despite this criticism, Chaplin was a favourite with the troops,^[۱۱۵] and his popularity continued to grow worldwide. Harper's Weekly reported that the name of Charlie Chaplin was "a part of the common language of almost every country", and that the Tramp image was "universally familiar".^[۱۱۶] In 1917, professional Chaplin imitators were so widespread that he took legal action,^[۱۱۷] and it was reported that nine out of ten men who attended costume parties, did so dressed as the Tramp.^[۱۱۸] The same year, a study by the Boston Society for Psychical Research concluded that Chaplin was "an American obsession".^[۱۱۸] The actress Minnie Maddern Fiske wrote that "a constantly increasing body of cultured, artistic people are beginning to regard the young English buffoon, Charles Chaplin, as an extraordinary artist, as well as a comic genius".^[۱۱۶]

In January 1918, Chaplin was visited by leading British singer and comedian Harry Lauder, and the two acted in a short film together.^[۱۱۹]

Mutual was patient with Chaplin's decreased rate of output, and the contract ended amicably. With his aforementioned concern about the declining quality of his films because of contract scheduling stipulations, Chaplin's primary concern in finding a new distributor was independence; Sydney Chaplin, then his business manager, told the press, "Charlie [must] be allowed all the time he needs and all the money for producing [films] the way he wants ... It is quality, not quantity, we are after."^[۱۲۰] In June 1917, Chaplin signed to complete eight films for First National Exhibitors' Circuit in return for $1 million.^[ض][۱۲۱] He chose to build his own studio, situated on five acres of land off Sunset Boulevard, with production facilities of the highest order.^[۱۲۲] It was completed in January 1918,^[۱۲۳] and Chaplin was given freedom over the making of his pictures.^[۱۲۴]

A Dog's Life, released April 1918, was the first film under the new contract. In it, Chaplin demonstrated his increasing concern with story construction and his treatment of the Tramp as "a sort of Pierrot".^[۱۲۵] The film was described by Louis Delluc as "cinema's first total work of art".^[۱۲۶] Chaplin then embarked on the Third Liberty Bond campaign, touring the United States for one month to raise money for the Allies of the First World War.^[۱۲۷] He also produced a short propaganda film at his own expense, donated to the government for fund-raising, called The Bond.^[۱۲۸] Chaplin's next release was war-based, placing the Tramp in the trenches for Shoulder Arms. Associates warned him against making a comedy about the war but, as he later recalled: "Dangerous or not, the idea excited me."^[۱۲۹] He spent four months filming the picture, which was released in October 1918 with great success.^[۱۳۰]

After the release of Shoulder Arms, Chaplin requested more money from First National, which was refused. Frustrated with their lack of concern for quality, and worried about rumours of a possible merger between the company and Famous Players–Lasky, Chaplin joined forces with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and D. W. Griffith to form a new distribution company, United Artists, in January 1919.^[۱۳۱] The arrangement was revolutionary in the film industry, as it enabled the four partners – all creative artists – to personally fund their pictures and have complete control.^[۱۳۲] Chaplin was eager to start with the new company and offered to buy out his contract with First National. They refused and insisted that he complete the final six films owed.^[۱۳۳]

Before the creation of United Artists, Chaplin married for the first time. The 16-year-old actress Mildred Harris had revealed that she was pregnant with his child, and in September 1918, he married her quietly in Los Angeles to avoid controversy.^[۱۳۴] Soon after, the pregnancy was found to be false.^[۱۳۵] Chaplin was unhappy with the union and, feeling that marriage stunted his creativity, struggled over the production of his film Sunnyside.^[۱۳۶] Harris was by then legitimately pregnant, and on 7 July 1919, gave birth to a son. Norman Spencer Chaplin was born malformed and died three days later.^[۱۳۷] The marriage ended in April 1920, with Chaplin explaining in his autobiography that they were "irreconcilably mismated".^[۱۳۸]

Losing the child, plus his own childhood experiences, are thought to have influenced Chaplin's next film, which turned the Tramp into the caretaker of a young boy.^{[۱۲۴][۱۳۹]} For this new venture, Chaplin also wished to do more than comedy and, according to Louvish, "make his mark on a changed world".^[۱۴۰] Filming on The Kid began in August 1919, with four-year-old Jackie Coogan his co-star.^[۱۴۱] The Kid was in production for nine months until May 1920 and, at 68 minutes, it was Chaplin's longest picture to date.^[۱۴۲] Dealing with issues of poverty and parent–child separation, The Kid was one of the earliest films to combine comedy and drama.^[۱۴۳] It was released in January 1921 with instant success, and, by 1924, had been screened in over 50 countries.^[۱۴۴]

Chaplin spent five months on his next film, the two-reeler The Idle Class.^[۱۳۲] Work on the picture was for a time delayed by more turmoil in his personal life. First National had on 12 April announced Chaplin's engagement to the actress May Collins, whom he had hired to be his secretary at the studio. By early June, however, Chaplin "suddenly decided he could scarcely stand to be in the same room" as Collins, but instead of breaking off the engagement directly, he "stopped coming in to work, sending word that he was suffering from a bad case of influenza, which May knew to be a lie."^[۱۴۵]

Ultimately work on the film resumed, and following its September 1921 release, Chaplin chose to return to England for the first time in almost a decade.^[۱۴۶] He wrote a book about his journey, titled My Wonderful Visit.^[۱۴۷] He then worked to fulfil his First National contract, releasing Pay Day in February 1922. The Pilgrim, his final short film, was delayed by distribution disagreements with the studio and released a year later.^[۱۴۸]

Having fulfilled his First National contract, Chaplin was free to make his first picture as an independent producer. In November 1922, he began filming A Woman of Paris, a romantic drama about ill-fated lovers.^[۱۴۹] Chaplin intended it to be a star-making vehicle for Edna Purviance,^[۱۵۰] and did not appear in the picture himself other than in a brief, uncredited cameo.^[۱۵۱] He wished the film to have a realistic feel and directed his cast to give restrained performances. In real life, he explained, "men and women try to hide their emotions rather than seek to express them".^[۱۵۲] A Woman of Paris premiered in September 1923 and was acclaimed for its innovative, subtle approach.^[۱۵۳] The public, however, seemed to have little interest in a Chaplin film without Chaplin, and it was a box office disappointment.^[۱۵۴] The filmmaker was hurt by this failure – he had long wanted to produce a dramatic film and was proud of the result – and soon withdrew A Woman of Paris from circulation.^[۱۵۵]

Chaplin returned to comedy for his next project. Setting his standards high, he told himself "This next film must be an epic! The Greatest!"^[۱۵۶] Inspired by a photograph of the 1898 Klondike Gold Rush, and later the story of the Donner Party of 1846–1847, he made what Geoffrey Macnab calls "an epic comedy out of grim subject matter".^[۱۵۷] In The Gold Rush, the Tramp is a lonely prospector fighting adversity and looking for love. With Georgia Hale as his leading lady, Chaplin began filming the picture in February 1924.^[۱۵۸] Its elaborate production, costing almost $1 million,^[۱۵۹] included location shooting in the Truckee mountains in Nevada with 600 extras, extravagant sets, and special effects.^[۱۶۰] The last scene was shot in May 1925 after 15 months of filming.^[۱۶۱]

Chaplin felt The Gold Rush was the best film he had made.^[۱۶۲] It opened in August 1925 and became one of the highest-grossing films of the silent era with a U.S. box-office of $5 million.^[ط][۱۶۳] The comedy contains some of Chaplin's most famous sequences, such as the Tramp eating his shoe and the "Dance of the Rolls".^[۱۶۴] Macnab has called it "the quintessential Chaplin film".^[۱۶۵] Chaplin stated at its release, "This is the picture that I want to be remembered by".^[۱۶۶]

While making The Gold Rush, Chaplin married for the second time. Mirroring the circumstances of his first union, Lita Grey was a teenage actress, originally set to star in the film, whose surprise announcement of pregnancy forced Chaplin into marriage. She was 16 and he was 35, meaning Chaplin could have been charged with statutory rape under California law.^[۱۶۷] He therefore arranged a discreet marriage in Mexico on 25 November 1924.^[۱۶۸] They originally met during her childhood and she had previously appeared in his works The Kid and The Idle Class.^[۱۶۹] Their first son, Charles Spencer Chaplin III, was born on 5 May 1925, followed by Sydney Earl Chaplin on 30 March 1926.^[۱۷۰] On 6 July 1925, Chaplin became the first movie star to be featured on a Time magazine cover.^[۱۷۱]

It was an unhappy marriage, and Chaplin spent long hours at the studio to avoid seeing his wife.^[۱۷۲] In November 1926, Grey took the children and left the family home.^[۱۷۳] A bitter divorce followed, in which Grey's application – accusing Chaplin of infidelity, abuse, and of harbouring "perverted sexual desires" – was leaked to the press.^[۱۷۴][ظ] Chaplin was reported to be in a state of nervous breakdown, as the story became headline news and groups formed across America calling for his films to be banned.^[۱۷۶] Eager to end the case without further scandal, Chaplin's lawyers agreed to a cash settlement of $600,000^[ع] – the largest awarded by American courts at that time.^[۱۷۷] His fan base was strong enough to survive the incident, and it was soon forgotten, but Chaplin was deeply affected by it.^[۱۷۸] Less than five months after the divorce, Chaplin and Grey's former butler Don Solovich was murdered in Utah, and articles speculated about connections between Chaplin and the murder.^{[۱۷۹][۱۸۰][۱۸۱]}

Before the divorce suit was filed, Chaplin had begun work on a new film, The Circus.^[۱۸۲] He built a story around the idea of walking a tightrope while besieged by monkeys, and turned the Tramp into the accidental star of a circus.^[۱۸۳] Filming was suspended for ten months while he dealt with the divorce scandal,^[۱۸۴] and it was generally a trouble-ridden production.^[۱۸۵] Finally completed in October 1927, The Circus was released in January 1928 to a positive reception.^[۱۸۶] At the 1st Academy Awards, Chaplin was given a special trophy "For versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing The Circus".^[۱۸۷] Despite its success, he permanently associated the film with the stress of its production; Chaplin omitted The Circus from his autobiography, and struggled to work on it when he recorded the score in his later years.^[۱۸۸]

By the time The Circus was released, Hollywood had witnessed the introduction of sound films. Chaplin was cynical about this new medium and the technical shortcomings it presented, believing that "talkies" lacked the artistry of silent films.^[۱۹۰] He was also hesitant to change the formula that had brought him such success,^[۱۹۱] and feared that giving the Tramp a voice would limit his international appeal.^[۱۹۲] He, therefore, rejected the new Hollywood craze and began work on a new silent film. Chaplin was nonetheless anxious about this decision and remained so throughout the film's production.^[۱۹۲]

When filming began at the end of 1928, Chaplin had been working on the story for almost a year.^[۱۹۳] City Lights followed the Tramp's love for a blind flower girl (played by Virginia Cherrill) and his efforts to raise money for her sight-saving operation. It was a challenging production that lasted 21 months,^[۱۹۴] with Chaplin later confessing that he "had worked himself into a neurotic state of wanting perfection".^[۱۹۵] One advantage Chaplin found in sound technology was the opportunity to record a musical score for the film, which he composed himself.^{[۱۹۵][۱۹۶]}

Chaplin finished editing City Lights in December 1930, by which time silent films were an anachronism.^[۱۹۷] A preview before an unsuspecting public audience was not a success,^[۱۹۸] but a showing for the press produced positive reviews. One journalist wrote, "Nobody in the world but Charlie Chaplin could have done it. He is the only person that has that peculiar something called 'audience appeal' in sufficient quality to defy the popular penchant for movies that talk."^[۱۹۹] Given its general release in January 1931, City Lights proved to be a popular and financial success, eventually grossing over $3 million.^[غ][۲۰۰] The British Film Institute called it Chaplin's finest accomplishment, and the critic James Agee hails the closing scene as "the greatest piece of acting and the highest moment in movies".^{[۲۰۱][۲۰۲]} City Lights became Chaplin's personal favourite of his films and remained so throughout his life.^[۲۰۳]

City Lights had been a success, but Chaplin was unsure if he could make another picture without dialogue. He remained convinced that sound would not work in his films, but was also "obsessed by a depressing fear of being old-fashioned".^[۲۰۴] In this state of uncertainty, early in 1931, the comedian decided to take a holiday and ended up travelling for 16 months.^[۲۰۵][ف] He spent months travelling Western Europe, including extended stays in France and Switzerland, and spontaneously decided to visit Japan.^[۲۰۷] The day after he arrived in Japan, Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated by ultra-nationalists in the May 15 Incident. The group's original plan had been to provoke a war with the United States by assassinating Chaplin at a welcome reception organised by the prime minister, but the plan had been foiled due to delayed public announcement of the event's date.^[۲۰۸]

In his autobiography, Chaplin recalled that on his return to Los Angeles, "I was confused and without plan, restless and conscious of an extreme loneliness". He briefly considered retiring and moving to China.^[۲۱۰] Chaplin's loneliness was relieved when he met 21-year-old actress Paulette Goddard in July 1932, and the pair began a relationship.^[۲۱۱] He was not ready to commit to a film, however, and focused on writing a serial about his travels (published in Woman's Home Companion).^[۲۱۲] The trip had been a stimulating experience for Chaplin, including meetings with several prominent thinkers, and he became increasingly interested in world affairs.^[۲۱۳] The state of labour in America troubled him, and he feared that capitalism and machinery in the workplace would increase unemployment levels. It was these concerns that stimulated Chaplin to develop his new film.^[۲۱۴]

Modern Times was announced by Chaplin as "a satire on certain phases of our industrial life".^[۲۱۵] Featuring the Tramp and Goddard as they endure the Great Depression, it took ten and a half months to film.^[۲۱۶] Chaplin intended to use spoken dialogue but changed his mind during rehearsals. Like its predecessor, Modern Times employed sound effects but almost no speaking.^[۲۱۷] Chaplin's performance of a gibberish song did, however, give the Tramp a voice for the only time on film.^[۲۱۸] After recording the music, Chaplin released Modern Times in February 1936.^[۲۱۹] It was his first feature in 15 years to adopt political references and social realism,^[۲۲۰] a factor that attracted considerable press coverage despite Chaplin's attempts to downplay the issue.^[۲۲۱] The film earned less at the box-office than his previous features and received mixed reviews, as some viewers disliked the politicising.^[۲۲۲] Today, Modern Times is seen by the British Film Institute as one of Chaplin's "great features",^[۲۰۱] while David Robinson says it shows the filmmaker at "his unrivalled peak as a creator of visual comedy".^[۲۲۳]

Following the release of Modern Times, Chaplin left with Goddard for a trip to the Far East.^[۲۲۴] Chaplin, Goddard, and a Japanese servant named Yonnemori arrived in Saigon at 8:30 am on 13 April 1936, where they stayed at the Continental hotel before going on a trip to visit multiple locations in French Indochina.^[۲۲۵] After Saigon they visited Phnom Penh to view Angkor Wat, returning to Saigon to go to Da Lat, followed by Huế, arriving in Đà Nẵng at 23 April where he visited the Marble Mountains and the Henri Parmentier Museum.^[۲۲۵] On 29 April they arrived in Hanoi (the capital city of French Indochina) where they stayed at the Métropole hotel.^[۲۲۵] In the afternoon of 5 May they visited the popular tourist destination Hạ Long Bay, after visiting Hạ Long Bay the couple left from Hải Phòng to Hong Kong on board of a ship named the Canton.^[۲۲۵] The couple had refused to comment on the nature of their relationship, and it was not known whether they were married or not.^[۲۲۶] Sometime later, Chaplin revealed that they married in Canton during this trip.^[۲۲۷] By 1938, the couple had drifted apart, as both focused heavily on their work, although Goddard was again his leading lady in his next feature film, The Great Dictator. She eventually divorced Chaplin in Mexico in 1942, citing incompatibility and separation for more than a year.^[۲۲۸]

The 1940s saw Chaplin face a series of controversies, both in his work and in his personal life, which changed his fortunes and severely affected his popularity in the United States. The first of these was his growing boldness in expressing his political beliefs. Deeply disturbed by the surge of militaristic nationalism in 1930s world politics,^[۲۲۹] Chaplin found that he could not keep these issues out of his work.^[۲۳۰] Parallels between himself and Adolf Hitler had been widely noted: the pair were born four days apart, both had risen from poverty to world prominence, and Hitler wore the same moustache style as Chaplin. It was this physical resemblance that supplied the plot for Chaplin's next film, The Great Dictator, which directly satirised Hitler and attacked fascism.^[۲۳۱]

Chaplin spent two years developing the script^[۲۳۲] and began filming in September 1939, six days after Britain declared war on Germany.^[۲۳۳] He had submitted to using spoken dialogue, partly out of acceptance that he had no other choice, but also because he recognised it as a better method for delivering a political message.^[۲۳۴] Making a comedy about Hitler was seen as highly controversial, but Chaplin's financial independence allowed him to take the risk.^[۲۳۵] "I was determined to go ahead", he later wrote, "for Hitler must be laughed at."^[۲۳۶][ق] Chaplin replaced the Tramp (while wearing similar attire) with "A Jewish Barber", a reference to the Nazi Party's belief that he was Jewish.^[۲۳۷][ک] In a dual performance, he also played the dictator "Adenoid Hynkel", a parody of Hitler.^[۲۳۹]

The Great Dictator spent a year in production and was released in October 1940.^[۲۴۰] The film generated a vast amount of publicity, with a critic for The New York Times calling it "the most eagerly awaited picture of the year", and it was one of the biggest money-makers of the era.^[۲۴۱] The ending was unpopular, however, and generated controversy.^[۲۴۲] Chaplin concluded the film with a five-minute speech in which he abandoned his barber character, looked directly into the camera, and pleaded against war and fascism.^[۲۴۳] Charles J. Maland has identified this overt preaching as triggering a decline in Chaplin's popularity, and writes, "Henceforth, no movie fan would ever be able to separate the dimension of politics from [his] star image".^[۲۴۴] Nevertheless, both Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt liked the film, which they saw at private screenings before its release. Roosevelt subsequently invited Chaplin to read the film's final speech over the radio during his January 1941 inauguration, with the speech becoming a "hit" of the celebration. Chaplin was often invited to other patriotic functions to read the speech to audiences during the years of the war.^[۲۴۵] The Great Dictator received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor.^[۲۴۶]

In the mid-1940s, Chaplin was involved in a series of trials that occupied most of his time and significantly affected his public image.^[۲۴۷] The troubles stemmed from his affair with an aspiring actress named Joan Barry, with whom he was involved intermittently between June 1941 and the autumn of 1942.^[۲۴۸] Barry, who displayed obsessive behaviour and was twice arrested after they separated,^[گ] reappeared the following year and announced that she was pregnant with Chaplin's child. As Chaplin denied the claim, Barry filed a paternity suit against him.^[۲۴۹]

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover, who had long been suspicious of Chaplin's political leanings, used the opportunity to generate negative publicity about him. As part of a smear campaign to damage Chaplin's image,^[۲۵۰] the FBI named him in four indictments related to the Barry case. Most serious of these was an alleged violation of the Mann Act, which prohibits the transportation of women across state boundaries for sexual purposes.^[ل] Historian Otto Friedrich called this an "absurd prosecution" of an "ancient statute",^[۲۵۳] yet if Chaplin was found guilty, he faced 23 years in jail.^[۲۵۴] Three charges lacked sufficient evidence to proceed to court, but the Mann Act trial began on 21 March 1944.^[۲۵۵] Chaplin was acquitted two weeks later, on 4 April.^{[۲۵۶][۲۵۱]} The case was frequently headline news, with Newsweek calling it the "biggest public relations scandal since the Fatty Arbuckle murder trial in 1921".^[۲۵۷]

Barry's child, Carol Ann, was born in October 1943, and the paternity suit went to court in December 1944. After two arduous trials, in which the prosecuting lawyer accused him of "moral turpitude",^[۲۵۸] Chaplin was declared to be the father. Evidence from blood tests that indicated otherwise were not admissible,^[م] and the judge ordered Chaplin to pay child support until Carol Ann turned 21. Media coverage of the suit was influenced by the FBI, which fed information to gossip columnist Hedda Hopper, and Chaplin was portrayed in an overwhelmingly critical light.^[۲۶۰]

The controversy surrounding Chaplin increased when – two weeks after the paternity suit was filed – it was announced that he had married his newest protégée, 18-year-old Oona O'Neill, the daughter of American playwright Eugene O'Neill.^[۲۶۱] Chaplin, then 54, had been introduced to her by a film agent seven months earlier.^[ن] In his autobiography, Chaplin described meeting O'Neill as "the happiest event of my life", and claimed to have found "perfect love".^[۲۶۴] Chaplin's son, Charles III, reported that Oona "worshipped" his father.^[۲۶۵] The couple remained married until Chaplin's death, and had eight children over 18 years: Geraldine Leigh (b. July 1944), Michael John (b. March 1946), Josephine Hannah (b. March 1949), Victoria Agnes (b. May 1951), Eugene Anthony (b. August 1953), Jane Cecil (b. May 1957), Annette Emily (b. December 1959), and Christopher James (b. July 1962).^[۲۶۶]

Chaplin claimed that the Barry trials had "crippled [his] creativeness", and it was some time before he began working again.^[۲۶۷] In April 1946, he finally began filming a project that had been in development since 1942.^[۲۶۸] Monsieur Verdoux was a black comedy, the story of a French bank clerk, Verdoux (Chaplin), who loses his job and begins marrying and murdering wealthy widows to support his family. Chaplin's inspiration for the project came from Orson Welles, who wanted him to star in a film about the French serial killer Henri Désiré Landru. Chaplin decided that the concept would "make a wonderful comedy",^[۲۶۹] and paid Welles $5,000^[و] for the idea.^[۲۷۰]

Chaplin again vocalised his political views in Monsieur Verdoux, criticising capitalism and arguing that the world encourages mass killing through wars and weapons of mass destruction.^[۲۷۱] Because of this, the film met with controversy when it was released in April 1947;^[۲۷۲] Chaplin was booed at the premiere, and there were calls for a boycott.^[۲۷۳] Monsieur Verdoux was the first Chaplin release that failed both critically and commercially in the United States.^[۲۷۴] It was more successful abroad,^[۲۷۵] and Chaplin's screenplay was nominated at the Academy Awards.^[۲۷۶] He was proud of the film, writing in his autobiography, "Monsieur Verdoux is the cleverest and most brilliant film I have yet made."^[۲۷۷]

The negative reaction to Monsieur Verdoux was largely the result of changes in Chaplin's public image.^[۲۷۸] Along with the damage of the Joan Barry scandal, he was publicly accused of being a communist.^[۲۷۹] His political activity had heightened during World War II, when he campaigned for the opening of a Second Front to help the Soviet Union and supported various Soviet–American friendship groups.^[۲۸۰] He was also friendly with several suspected communists, and attended functions given by Soviet diplomats in Los Angeles.^[۲۸۱] In the political climate of 1940s America, such activities meant Chaplin was considered, as Larcher writes, "dangerously progressive and amoral".^[۲۸۲] The FBI wanted him out of the country,^[۲۸۳] and launched an official investigation in early 1947.^[۲۸۴][ه]

Chaplin denied being a communist, instead calling himself a "peacemonger",^[۲۸۶] but felt the government's effort to suppress the ideology was an unacceptable infringement of civil liberties.^[۲۸۷] Unwilling to be quiet about the issue, he openly protested against the trials of Communist Party members and the activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee.^[۲۸۸] Chaplin received a subpoena to appear before HUAC but was not called to testify.^[۲۸۹] As his activities were widely reported in the press, and Cold War fears grew, questions were raised over his failure to take American citizenship.^[۲۹۰] Calls were made for him to be deported; in one extreme and widely published example, Representative John E. Rankin, who helped establish HUAC, told Congress in June 1947: "[Chaplin's] very life in Hollywood is detrimental to the moral fabric of America. [If he is deported] ... his loathsome pictures can be kept from before the eyes of the American youth. He should be deported and gotten rid of at once."^[۲۹۱]

In 2003, declassified British archives belonging to the British Foreign Office revealed that George Orwell secretly accused Chaplin of being a secret communist and a friend of the USSR^[۲۹۲] in the Orwell's list document. Chaplin's name was one of 35 that Orwell gave to the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret British Cold War propaganda department which worked closely with the CIA.^[۲۹۲] Chaplin was not the only actor in America whom Orwell accused of being a secret communist.^[۲۹۲]

Although Chaplin remained politically active in the years following the failure of Monsieur Verdoux,^[ی] his next film, about a forgotten music hall comedian and a young ballerina in Edwardian London, was devoid of political themes. Limelight was heavily autobiographical, alluding not only to Chaplin's childhood and the lives of his parents, but also to his loss of popularity in the United States.^[۲۹۴] The cast included various members of his family, including his five oldest children and his half-brother, Wheeler Dryden.^[۲۹۵]

Filming began in November 1951, by which time Chaplin had spent three years working on the story.^{[۲۹۶][اا]} He aimed for a more serious tone than any of his previous films, regularly using the word "melancholy" when explaining his plans to his co-star Claire Bloom.^[۲۹۸] Limelight featured a cameo appearance from Buster Keaton, whom Chaplin cast as his stage partner in a pantomime scene. This marked the only time the comedians worked together in a feature film.^[۲۹۹]

Chaplin decided to hold the world premiere of Limelight in London, since it was the setting of the film.^[۳۰۰] As he left Los Angeles, he expressed a premonition that he would not be returning.^[۳۰۱] At New York, he boarded the آرام‌اس Queen Elizabeth with his family on 18 September 1952.^[۳۰۲] The next day, United States Attorney General James P. McGranery revoked Chaplin's re-entry permit and stated that he would have to submit to an interview concerning his political views and moral behaviour to re-enter the US.^[۳۰۲] Although McGranery told the press that he had "a pretty good case against Chaplin", Maland has concluded, on the basis of the FBI files that were released in the 1980s, that the US government had no real evidence to prevent Chaplin's re-entry. It is likely that he would have gained entry if he had applied for it.^[۳۰۳] However, when Chaplin received a cablegram informing him of the news, he privately decided to cut his ties with the United States:

Whether I re-entered that unhappy country or not was of little consequence to me. I would like to have told them that the sooner I was rid of that hate-beleaguered atmosphere the better, that I was fed up of America's insults and moral pomposity ...^[۳۰۴]

Because all of his property remained in America, Chaplin refrained from saying anything negative about the incident to the press.^[۳۰۵] The scandal attracted vast attention,^[۳۰۶] but Chaplin and his film were warmly received in Europe.^[۳۰۲] In America, the hostility towards him continued, and, although it received some positive reviews, Limelight was subjected to a wide-scale boycott.^[۳۰۷] Reflecting on this, Maland writes that Chaplin's fall, from an "unprecedented" level of popularity, "may be the most dramatic in the history of stardom in America".^[۳۰۸]

Chaplin did not attempt to return to the United States after his re-entry permit was revoked, and instead sent his wife to settle his affairs.^[اب] The couple decided to settle in Switzerland and, in January 1953, the family moved into their permanent home: Manoir de Ban, a ۱۴-هکتار (۳۵-جریب-فرنگی) estate^[۳۱۱] overlooking Lake Geneva in Corsier-sur-Vevey.^{[۳۱۲][اپ]} Chaplin put his Beverly Hills house and studio up for sale in March, and surrendered his re-entry permit in April. The next year, his wife renounced her US citizenship and became a British citizen.^[۳۱۴] Chaplin severed the last of his professional ties with the United States in 1955, when he sold the remainder of his stock in United Artists, which had been in financial difficulty since the early 1940s.^[۳۱۵]

Chaplin remained a controversial figure throughout the 1950s, especially after he was awarded the International Peace Prize by the communist-led World Peace Council, and after his meetings with Zhou Enlai and Nikita Khrushchev.^[۳۱۶] He began developing his first European film, A King in New York, in 1954.^[۳۱۷] Casting himself as an exiled king who seeks asylum in the United States, Chaplin included several of his recent experiences in the screenplay. His son, Michael, was cast as a boy whose parents are targeted by the FBI, while Chaplin's character faces accusations of communism.^[۳۱۸] The political satire parodied HUAC and attacked elements of 1950s culture – including consumerism, plastic surgery, and wide-screen cinema.^[۳۱۹] In a review, the playwright John Osborne called it Chaplin's "most bitter" and "most openly personal" film.^[۳۲۰] In a 1957 interview, when asked to clarify his political views, Chaplin stated "As for politics, I am an anarchist. I hate government and rules – and fetters ... People must be free."^[۳۲۱]

Chaplin founded a new production company, Attica, and used Shepperton Studios for the shooting.^[۳۱۷] Filming in England proved a difficult experience, as he was used to his own Hollywood studio and familiar crew, and no longer had limitless production time. According to Robinson, this had an effect on the quality of the film.^[۳۲۲] A King in New York was released in September 1957, and received mixed reviews.^[۳۲۳] Chaplin banned American journalists from its Paris première and decided not to release the film in the United States. This severely limited its revenue, although it achieved moderate commercial success in Europe.^[۳۲۴] A King in New York was not shown in America until 1973.^{[۳۲۵][۳۲۶]}

In the last two decades of his career, Chaplin concentrated on re-editing and scoring his old films for re-release, along with securing their ownership and distribution rights.^[۳۲۷] In an interview he gave in 1959, the year of his 70th birthday, Chaplin stated that there was still "room for the Little Man in the atomic age".^[۳۲۸] The first of these re-releases was The Chaplin Revue (1959), which included new versions of A Dog's Life, Shoulder Arms, and The Pilgrim.^[۳۲۸]

In America, the political atmosphere began to change and attention was once again directed to Chaplin's films instead of his views.^[۳۲۷] In July 1962, the New York Times published an editorial stating, "We do not believe the Republic would be in danger if yesterday's unforgotten little tramp were allowed to amble down the gangplank of a steamer or plane in an American port".^[۳۲۹] The same month, Chaplin was invested with the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters by the universities of Oxford and Durham.^[۳۳۰] In November 1963, the Plaza Theater in New York started a year-long series of Chaplin's films, including Monsieur Verdoux and Limelight, which gained excellent reviews from American critics.^[۳۳۱] September 1964 saw the release of Chaplin's memoir, My Autobiography, which he had been working on since 1957.^[۳۳۲] The 500-page book became a worldwide best-seller. It focused on his early years and personal life, and was criticised for lacking information on his film career.^[۳۳۳]

Shortly after the publication of his memoirs, Chaplin began work on A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), a romantic comedy based on a script he had written for Paulette Goddard in the 1930s.^[۳۳۴] Set on an ocean liner, it starred Marlon Brando as an American ambassador and Sophia Loren as a stowaway found in his cabin.^[۳۳۴] The film differed from Chaplin's earlier productions in several aspects. It was his first to use Technicolor and the widescreen format, while he concentrated on directing and appeared on-screen only in a cameo role as a seasick steward.^[۳۳۵] He also signed a deal with Universal Pictures and appointed his assistant, Jerome Epstein, as the producer.^[۳۳۶] Chaplin was paid $600,000 director's fee as well as a percentage of the gross receipts.^[۳۳۷] A Countess from Hong Kong premiered in January 1967, to unfavourable reviews, and was a box-office failure.^{[۳۳۸][۳۳۹]} Chaplin was deeply hurt by the negative reaction to the film, which turned out to be his last.^[۳۳۸]

Chaplin had a series of minor strokes in the late 1960s, which marked the beginning of a slow decline in his health.^[۳۴۰] Despite the setbacks, he was soon writing a new film script, The Freak, a story of a winged girl found in South America, which he intended as a starring vehicle for his daughter, Victoria.^[۳۴۰] His fragile health prevented the project from being realised.^[۳۴۱] In the early 1970s, Chaplin concentrated on re-releasing his old films, including The Kid and The Circus.^[۳۴۲] In 1971, he was made a Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour at the Cannes Film Festival.^[۳۴۳] The following year, he was honoured with a special award by the Venice Film Festival.^[۳۴۴]

In 1972, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences offered Chaplin an Honorary Award, which Robinson sees as a sign that America "wanted to make amends". Chaplin was initially hesitant about accepting but decided to return to the US for the first time in 20 years.^[۳۴۳] The visit attracted a large amount of press coverage and, at the Academy Awards gala, he was given a 12-minute standing ovation, the longest in the academy's history.^[۳۴۵] Visibly emotional, Chaplin accepted his award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century".^[۳۴۶]

Although Chaplin still had plans for future film projects, by the mid-1970s he was very frail.^[۳۴۷] He experienced several further strokes, which made it difficult for him to communicate, and he had to use a wheelchair.^{[۳۴۸][۳۴۹]} His final projects were compiling a pictorial autobiography, My Life in Pictures (1974) and scoring A Woman of Paris for re-release in 1976.^[۳۵۰] He also appeared in a documentary about his life, The Gentleman Tramp (1975), directed by Richard Patterson.^[۳۵۱] In the 1975 New Year Honours, Chaplin was awarded a knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II,^{[۳۵۰][۳۵۲][ات]} though he was too weak to kneel and received the honour in his wheelchair.^[۳۵۴]

By October 1977, Chaplin's health had declined to the point that he needed constant care.^[۳۵۵] In the early morning of Christmas Day 1977, Chaplin died at home after having a stroke in his sleep.^[۳۴۹] He was 88 years old. The funeral, on 27 December, was a small and private Anglican ceremony, according to his wishes.^{[۳۵۶][اث]} Chaplin was interred in the Corsier-sur-Vevey cemetery.^[۳۵۵] Among the film industry's tributes, director René Clair wrote, "He was a monument of the cinema, of all countries and all times ... the most beautiful gift the cinema made to us."^[۳۵۸] Actor Bob Hope declared, "We were lucky to have lived in his time."^[۳۵۹] Chaplin left more than $100 million to his widow.^[۳۶۰]

On 1 March 1978, Chaplin's coffin was dug up and stolen from its grave by Roman Wardas and Gantcho Ganev. The body was held for ransom in an attempt to extort money from his widow, Oona Chaplin. The pair were caught in a large police operation in May, and Chaplin's coffin was found buried in a field in the nearby village of Noville. It was re-interred in the Corsier cemetery in a reinforced concrete vault.^{[۳۶۱][۳۶۲]}

Chaplin believed his first influence to be his mother, who entertained him as a child by sitting at the window and mimicking passers-by: "it was through watching her that I learned not only how to express emotions with my hands and face, but also how to observe and study people."^[۳۶۳] Chaplin's early years in music hall allowed him to see stage comedians at work; he also attended the Christmas pantomimes at Drury Lane, where he studied the art of clowning through performers like Dan Leno.^[۳۶۴] Chaplin's years with the Fred Karno company had a formative effect on him as an actor and filmmaker. Simon Louvish writes that the company was his "training ground",^[۳۶۵] and it was here that Chaplin learned to vary the pace of his comedy.^[۳۶۶] The concept of mixing pathos with slapstick was learnt from Karno,^[اج] who also used elements of absurdity that became familiar in Chaplin's gags.^{[۳۶۶][۳۶۷]} From the film industry, Chaplin drew upon the work of the French comedian Max Linder, whose films he greatly admired.^[۳۶۸] In developing the Tramp costume and persona, he was likely inspired by the American vaudeville scene, where tramp characters were common.^[۳۶۹]

Chaplin never spoke more than cursorily about his filmmaking methods, claiming such a thing would be tantamount to a magician spoiling his own illusion.^[۳۷۰] Little was known about his working process throughout his lifetime,^[۳۷۱] but research from film historians – particularly the findings of Kevin Brownlow and David Gill that were presented in the three-part documentary Unknown Chaplin (1983) – has since revealed his unique working method.^[۳۷۲]

Until he began making spoken dialogue films with The Great Dictator (1940), Chaplin never shot from a completed script.^[۳۷۳] Many of his early films began with only a vague premise, for example "Charlie enters a health spa" or "Charlie works in a pawn shop".^[۳۷۴] He then had sets constructed and worked with his stock company to improvise gags and "business" using them, almost always working the ideas out on film.^[۳۷۲] As ideas were accepted and discarded, a narrative structure would emerge, frequently requiring Chaplin to reshoot an already-completed scene that might have otherwise contradicted the story.^[۳۷۵] From A Woman of Paris (1923) onward Chaplin began the filming process with a prepared plot,^[۳۷۶] but Robinson writes that every film up to Modern Times (1936) "went through many metamorphoses and permutations before the story took its final form".^[۳۷۷]

Producing films in this manner meant Chaplin took longer to complete his pictures than almost any other filmmaker at the time.^[۳۷۸] If he was out of ideas, he often took a break from the shoot, which could last for days, while keeping the studio ready for when inspiration returned.^[۳۷۹] Delaying the process further was Chaplin's rigorous perfectionism.^[۳۸۰] According to his friend Ivor Montagu, "nothing but perfection would be right" for the filmmaker.^[۳۸۱] Because he personally funded his films, Chaplin was at liberty to strive for this goal and shoot as many takes as he wished.^[۳۸۲] The number was often excessive, for instance 53 takes for every finished take in The Kid (1921).^[۳۸۳] For The Immigrant (1917), a 20-minute short, Chaplin shot 40,000 feet of film – enough for a feature-length.^[۳۸۴]

Describing his working method as "sheer perseverance to the point of madness",^[۳۸۵] Chaplin would be completely consumed by the production of a picture.^[۳۸۶] Robinson writes that even in Chaplin's later years, his work continued "to take precedence over everything and everyone else".^[۳۸۷] The combination of story improvisation and relentless perfectionism – which resulted in days of effort and thousands of feet of film being wasted, all at enormous expense – often proved taxing for Chaplin who, in frustration, would lash out at his actors and crew.^[۳۸۸]

Chaplin exercised complete control over his pictures,^[۳۷۰] to the extent that he would act out the other roles for his cast, expecting them to imitate him exactly.^[۳۸۹] He personally edited all of his films, trawling through the large amounts of footage to create the exact picture he wanted.^[۳۹۰] As a result of his complete independence, he was identified by the film historian Andrew Sarris as one of the first auteur filmmakers.^[۳۹۱] Chaplin did receive help from his long-time cinematographer Roland Totheroh, brother Sydney Chaplin, and various assistant directors such as Harry Crocker and Charles Reisner.^[۳۹۲]

While Chaplin's comedic style is broadly defined as slapstick,^[۳۹۳] it is considered restrained and intelligent,^[۳۹۴] with the film historian Philip Kemp describing his work as a mix of "deft, balletic physical comedy and thoughtful, situation-based gags".^[۳۹۵] Chaplin diverged from conventional slapstick by slowing the pace and exhausting each scene of its comic potential, with more focus on developing the viewer's relationship to the characters.^{[۷۰][۳۹۶]} Unlike conventional slapstick comedies, Robinson states that the comic moments in Chaplin's films centre on the Tramp's attitude to the things happening to him: the humour does not come from the Tramp bumping into a tree, but from his lifting his hat to the tree in apology.^[۷۰] Dan Kamin writes that Chaplin's "quirky mannerisms" and "serious demeanour in the midst of slapstick action" are other key aspects of his comedy,^[۳۹۷] while the surreal transformation of objects and the employment of in-camera trickery are also common features.^[۳۹۸] His signature style consisted of gestural idiosyncrasies like askew derby hat, drooping shoulders, deflated chest and dangling arms and tilted back pelvis to enrich the comic persona of his 'tramp' character. His shabby but neat clothing and incessant grooming behaviour along with his geometrical walk and movement gave his onscreen characters a puppet-like quality.^[۳۹۹]

Chaplin's silent films typically follow the Tramp's efforts to survive in a hostile world.^[۴۰۰] The character lives in poverty and is frequently treated badly, but remains kind and upbeat;^[۴۰۱] defying his social position, he strives to be seen as a gentleman.^[۴۰۲] As Chaplin said in 1925, "The whole point of the Little Fellow is that no matter how down on his ass he is, no matter how well the jackals succeed in tearing him apart, he's still a man of dignity."^[۴۰۳] The Tramp defies authority figures^[۴۰۴] and "gives as good as he gets",^[۴۰۳] leading Robinson and Louvish to see him as a representative for the underprivileged – an "everyman turned heroic saviour".^[۴۰۵] Hansmeyer notes that several of Chaplin's films end with "the homeless and lonely Tramp [walking] optimistically ... into the sunset ... to continue his journey."^[۴۰۶]

The infusion of pathos is a well-known aspect of Chaplin's work,^[۴۰۸] and Larcher notes his reputation for "[inducing] laughter and tears".^[۴۰۹] Sentimentality in his films comes from a variety of sources, with Louvish pinpointing "personal failure, society's strictures, economic disaster, and the elements".^[۴۱۰] Chaplin sometimes drew on tragic events when creating his films, as in the case of The Gold Rush (1925), which was inspired by the fate of the Donner Party.^[۴۰۷] Constance B. Kuriyama has identified serious underlying themes in the early comedies, such as greed (The Gold Rush) and loss (The Kid).^[۴۱۱] Chaplin also touched on controversial issues: immigration (The Immigrant, 1917); illegitimacy (The Kid, 1921); and drug use (Easy Street, 1917).^[۳۹۶] He often explored these topics ironically, making comedy out of suffering.^[۴۱۲]

Social commentary was a feature of Chaplin's films from early in his career, as he portrayed the underdog in a sympathetic light and highlighted the difficulties of the poor.^[۴۱۳] Later, as he developed a keen interest in economics and felt obliged to publicise his views,^[۴۱۴] Chaplin began incorporating overtly political messages into his films.^[۴۱۵] Modern Times (1936) depicted factory workers in dismal conditions, The Great Dictator (1940) parodied Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini and ended in a speech against nationalism, Monsieur Verdoux (1947) criticised war and capitalism, and A King in New York (1957) attacked McCarthyism.^[۴۱۶]

Several of Chaplin's films incorporate autobiographical elements, and the psychologist Sigmund Freud believed that Chaplin "always plays only himself as he was in his dismal youth".^[۴۱۷] The Kid is thought to reflect Chaplin's childhood trauma of being sent into an orphanage,^[۴۱۷] the main characters in Limelight (1952) contain elements from the lives of his parents,^[۴۱۸] and A King in New York references Chaplin's experiences of being shunned by the United States.^[۴۱۹] Many of his sets, especially in street scenes, bear a strong similarity to Kennington, where he grew up. Stephen M. Weissman has argued that Chaplin's problematic relationship with his mentally ill mother was often reflected in his female characters and the Tramp's desire to save them.^[۴۱۷]

Regarding the structure of Chaplin's films, the scholar Gerald Mast sees them as consisting of sketches tied together by the same theme and setting, rather than having a tightly unified storyline.^[۴۲۰] Visually, his films are simple and economic,^[۴۲۱] with scenes portrayed as if set on a stage.^[۴۲۲] His approach to filming was described by the art director Eugène Lourié: "Chaplin did not think in 'artistic' images when he was shooting. He believed that action is the main thing. The camera is there to photograph the actors".^[۴۲۳] In his autobiography, Chaplin wrote, "Simplicity is best ... pompous effects slow up action, are boring and unpleasant ... The camera should not intrude."^[۴۲۴] This approach has prompted criticism, since the 1940s, for being "old fashioned",^[۴۲۵] while the film scholar Donald McCaffrey sees it as an indication that Chaplin never completely understood film as a medium.^[۴۲۶] Kamin, however, comments that Chaplin's comedic talent would not be enough to remain funny on screen if he did not have an "ability to conceive and direct scenes specifically for the film medium".^[۴۲۷]

Chaplin developed a passion for music as a child and taught himself to play the piano, violin, and cello.^[۴۲۸] He considered the musical accompaniment of a film to be important,^[۱۸۶] and from A Woman of Paris onwards he took an increasing interest in this area.^[۴۲۹] With the advent of sound technology, Chaplin began using a synchronised orchestral soundtrack – composed by himself – for City Lights (1931). He thereafter composed the scores for all of his films, and from the late 1950s to his death, he scored all of his silent features and some of his short films.^[۴۳۰]

As Chaplin was not a trained musician, he could not read sheet music and needed the help of professional composers, such as David Raksin, Raymond Rasch and Eric James, when creating his scores. Musical directors were employed to oversee the recording process, such as Alfred Newman for City Lights.^[۴۳۱] Although some critics have claimed that credit for his film music should be given to the composers who worked with him, Raksin – who worked with Chaplin on Modern Times – stressed Chaplin's creative position and active participation in the composing process.^[۴۳۲] This process, which could take months, would start with Chaplin describing to the composer(s) exactly what he wanted and singing or playing tunes he had improvised on the piano.^[۴۳۲] These tunes were then developed further in a close collaboration among the composer(s) and Chaplin.^[۴۳۲] According to film historian Jeffrey Vance, "although he relied upon associates to arrange varied and complex instrumentation, the musical imperative is his, and not a note in a Chaplin musical score was placed there without his assent."^[۴۳۳]

Chaplin's compositions produced three popular songs. "Smile", composed originally for Modern Times (1936) and later set to lyrics by John Turner and Geoffrey Parsons, was a hit for Nat King Cole in 1954.^[۴۳۳] For Limelight, Chaplin composed "Terry's Theme", which was popularised by Jimmy Young as "Eternally" (1952).^[۴۳۴] Finally, "This Is My Song", performed by Petula Clark for A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), reached number one on the UK and other European charts.^[۴۳۵] Chaplin also received his only competitive Oscar for his composition work, as the Limelight theme won an Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1973 following the film's re-release.^{[۴۳۳][اچ]}

In 1998, the film critic Andrew Sarris called Chaplin "arguably the single most important artist produced by the cinema, certainly its most extraordinary performer and probably still its most universal icon".^[۴۳۷] He is described by the British Film Institute as "a towering figure in world culture",^[۴۳۸] and was included in Time magazine's list of the "100 Most Important People of the 20th Century" for the "laughter [he brought] to millions" and because he "more or less invented global recognizability and helped turn an industry into an art".^[۴۳۹] In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Chaplin as the 10th greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema.^[۴۴۰]

The image of the Tramp has become a part of cultural history;^[۴۴۱] according to Simon Louvish, the character is recognisable to people who have never seen a Chaplin film, and in places where his films are never shown.^[۴۴۲] The critic Leonard Maltin has written of the "unique" and "indelible" nature of the Tramp, and argued that no other comedian matched his "worldwide impact".^[۴۴۳] Praising the character, Richard Schickel suggests that Chaplin's films with the Tramp contain the most "eloquent, richly comedic expressions of the human spirit" in movie history.^[۴۴۴] Memorabilia connected to the character still fetches large sums in auctions: in 2006 a bowler hat and a bamboo cane that were part of the Tramp's costume were bought for $140,000 in a Los Angeles auction.^[۴۴۵]

As a filmmaker, Chaplin is considered a pioneer and one of the most influential figures of the early twentieth century.^[۴۴۶] He is often credited as one of the medium's first artists.^[۴۴۷] Film historian Mark Cousins has written that Chaplin "changed not only the imagery of cinema, but also its sociology and grammar" and claims that Chaplin was as important to the development of comedy as a genre as D.W. Griffith was to drama.^[۴۴۸] He was the first to popularise feature-length comedy and to slow down the pace of action, adding pathos and subtlety to it.^{[۴۴۹][۴۵۰]} Although his work is mostly classified as slapstick, Chaplin's drama A Woman of Paris (1923) was a major influence on Ernst Lubitsch's film The Marriage Circle (1924) and thus played a part in the development of "sophisticated comedy".^[۴۵۱] According to David Robinson, Chaplin's innovations were "rapidly assimilated to become part of the common practice of film craft".^[۴۵۲] Filmmakers who cited Chaplin as an influence include Federico Fellini (who called Chaplin "a sort of Adam, from whom we are all descended"),^[۳۵۹] Jacques Tati ("Without him I would never have made a film"),^[۳۵۹] René Clair ("He inspired practically every filmmaker"),^[۳۵۸] François Truffaut ("My religion is cinema. I believe in Charlie Chaplin…"),^[۴۵۳] Michael Powell,^[۴۵۴] Billy Wilder,^[۴۵۵] Vittorio De Sica,^[۴۵۶] and Richard Attenborough.^[۴۵۷] Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky praised Chaplin as "the only person to have gone down into cinematic history without any shadow of a doubt. The films he left behind can never grow old."^[۴۵۸] Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray said about Chaplin "If there is any name which can be said to symbolize cinema – it is Charlie Chaplin… I am sure Chaplin's name will survive even if the cinema ceases to exist as a medium of artistic expression. Chaplin is truly immortal."^[۴۵۹] French auteur Jean Renoir's favourite filmmaker was Chaplin.^{[۴۶۰][۴۶۱]}

Chaplin also strongly influenced the work of later comedians. Marcel Marceau said he was inspired to become a mime artist after watching Chaplin,^[۴۵۰] while the actor Raj Kapoor based his screen persona on the Tramp.^[۴۵۵] Mark Cousins has also detected Chaplin's comedic style in the French character Monsieur Hulot and the Italian character Totò.^[۴۵۵] In other fields, Chaplin helped inspire the cartoon characters Felix the Cat^[۴۶۲] and Mickey Mouse,^[۴۶۳] and was an influence on the Dada art movement.^[۴۶۴] As one of the founding members of United Artists, Chaplin also had a role in the development of the film industry. Gerald Mast has written that although UA never became a major company like MGM or Paramount Pictures, the idea that directors could produce their own films was "years ahead of its time".^[۴۶۵]

In 1992, the Sight & Sound Critics' Top Ten Poll ranked Chaplin at No. 5 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time.^[۴۶۶] In the 21st century, several of Chaplin's films are still regarded as classics and among the greatest ever made. The 2012 Sight & Sound poll, which compiles "top ten" ballots from film critics and directors to determine each group's most acclaimed films,saw City Lights rank among the critics' top 50, Modern Times inside the top 100, and The Great Dictator and The Gold Rush placed in the top 250.^[۴۶۷] The top 100 films as voted on by directors included Modern Times at number 22, City Lights at number 30, and The Gold Rush at number 91.^[۴۶۸] Every one of Chaplin's features received a vote.^[۴۶۹] Chaplin was ranked at No. 35 on Empire magazine's "Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time" list in 2005.^[۴۷۰] In 2007, the American Film Institute named City Lights the 11th greatest American film of all time, while The Gold Rush and Modern Times again ranked in the top 100.^[۴۷۱] Books about Chaplin continue to be published regularly, and he is a popular subject for media scholars and film archivists.^[۴۷۲] Many of Chaplin's film have had a DVD and Blu-ray release.^[۴۷۳]

Chaplin's legacy is managed on behalf of his children by the Chaplin office, located in Paris. The office represents Association Chaplin, founded by some of his children "to protect the name, image and moral rights" to his body of work, Roy Export SAS, which owns the copyright to most of his films made after 1918, and Bubbles Incorporated S.A., which owns the copyrights to his image and name.^[۴۷۴] Their central archive is held at the archives of Montreux, Switzerland and scanned versions of its contents, including 83,630 images, 118 scripts, 976 manuscripts, 7,756 letters, and thousands of other documents, are available for research purposes at the Chaplin Research Centre at the Cineteca di Bologna.^[۴۷۵] The photographic archive, which includes approximately 10,000 photographs from Chaplin's life and career, is kept at the Musée de l'Elysée in Lausanne, Switzerland.^[۴۷۶] The British Film Institute has also established the Charles Chaplin Research Foundation, and the first international Charles Chaplin Conference was held in London in July 2005.^[۴۷۷] Elements for many of Chaplin's films are held by the Academy Film Archive as part of the Roy Export Chaplin Collection.^[۴۷۸]

Chaplin's final home, Manoir de Ban in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland, has been converted into a museum named "Chaplin's World". It opened on 17 April 2016 after fifteen years of development, and is described by Reuters as "an interactive museum showcasing the life and works of Charlie Chaplin".^[۴۷۹] On the 128th anniversary of his birth, a record-setting 662 people dressed as the Tramp in an event organised by the museum.^[۴۸۰] Previously, the Museum of the Moving Image in London held a permanent display on Chaplin, and hosted a dedicated exhibition to his life and career in 1988. The London Film Museum hosted an exhibition called Charlie Chaplin – The Great Londoner, from 2010 until 2013.^[۴۸۱]

In London, a statue of Chaplin as the Tramp, sculpted by John Doubleday and unveiled in 1981, is located in Leicester Square.^[۴۸۲] The city also includes a road named after him in central London, "Charlie Chaplin Walk", which is the location of the BFI IMAX.^[۴۸۳] There are nine blue plaques memorialising Chaplin in London, Hampshire, and Yorkshire.^[۴۸۴] In Canning Town, East London, the Gandhi Chaplin Memorial Garden, opened by Chaplin's granddaughter Oona Chaplin in 2015, commemorates the meeting between Chaplin and Mahatma Gandhi at a local house in 1931.^[۴۸۵] The Swiss town of Vevey named a park in his honour in 1980 and erected a statue there in 1982.^[۴۸۲] In 2011, two large murals depicting Chaplin on two 14-storey buildings were also unveiled in Vevey.^[۴۸۶] Chaplin has also been honoured by the Irish town of Waterville, where he spent several summers with his family in the 1960s. A statue was erected in 1998;^[۴۸۷] since 2011, the town has been host to the annual Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival, which was founded to celebrate Chaplin's legacy and to showcase new comic talent.^[۴۸۸]

In other tributes, a minor planet, 3623 Chaplin (discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina in 1981) is named after him.^[۴۸۹] Throughout the 1980s, the Tramp image was used by IBM to advertise their personal computers.^[۴۹۰] Chaplin's 100th birthday anniversary in 1989 was marked with several events around the world,^[اح] and on 15 April 2011, a day before his 122nd birthday, Google celebrated him with a special Google Doodle video on its global and other country-wide homepages.^[۴۹۴]

Statues of Chaplin around the world, located at (left to right) 1. Trenčianske Teplice, Slovakia; 2. Chełmża, Poland; 3. Waterville, Ireland; 4. London, England; 5. Hyderabad, India; 6. Alassio, Italy; 7. Barcelona, Spain; 8. Vevey, Switzerland

Chaplin is the subject of a biographical film, Chaplin (1992) directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Robert Downey Jr. in the title role, with Geraldine Chaplin playing Hannah Chaplin.^[۴۹۵] He is also a character in the historical drama film The Cat's Meow (2001), played by Eddie Izzard, and in the made-for-television movie The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980), played by Clive Revill.^{[۴۹۶][۴۹۷]} A television series about Chaplin's childhood, Young Charlie Chaplin, ran on PBS in 1989, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program.^[۴۹۸] The French film The Price of Fame (2014) is a fictionalised account of the robbery of Chaplin's grave.^[۴۹۹] Tommy Steele in Search of Charlie Chaplin investigated Chaplin's roots in south-east London.^[۵۰۰]

Chaplin's life has also been the subject of several stage productions. Two musicals, Little Tramp and Chaplin, were produced in the early 1990s. In 2006, Thomas Meehan and Christopher Curtis created another musical, Limelight: The Story of Charlie Chaplin, which was first performed at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego in 2010.^[۵۰۱] It was adapted for Broadway two years later, re-titled Chaplin – A Musical.^[۵۰۲] Chaplin was portrayed by Robert McClure in both productions. In 2013, two plays about Chaplin premiered in Finland: Chaplin at the Svenska Teatern,^[۵۰۳] and Kulkuri (The Tramp) at the Tampere Workers' Theatre.^[۵۰۴]

Chaplin has also been characterised in literary fiction. He is the protagonist of Robert Coover's short story "Charlie in the House of Rue" (1980; reprinted in Coover's 1987 collection A Night at the Movies), and of Glen David Gold's Sunnyside (2009), a historical novel set in the First World War period.^[۵۰۵] A day in Chaplin's life in 1909 is dramatised in the chapter titled "Modern Times" in Alan Moore's Jerusalem (2016), a novel set in the author's home town of Northampton, England.^[۵۰۶]

Chaplin received many awards and honours, especially later in life. In the 1975 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE).^[۵۰۷] He was also awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degrees by the University of Oxford and the University of Durham in 1962.^[۳۳۰] In 1965, he and Ingmar Bergman were joint winners of the Erasmus Prize^[۵۰۸] and, in 1971, he was appointed a Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by the French government.^[۵۰۹]

From the film industry, Chaplin received a special Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1972,^[۵۱۰] and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Lincoln Center Film Society the same year. The latter has since been presented annually to filmmakers as The Chaplin Award.^[۵۱۱] Chaplin was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1972, having been previously excluded because of his political beliefs.^[۵۱۲]

Chaplin received three Academy Awards: an Honorary Award for "versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing, and producing The Circus" in 1929,^[۱۸۷] a second Honorary Award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century" in 1972,^[۳۴۶] and a Best Score award in 1973 for Limelight (shared with Ray Rasch and Larry Russell).^[۴۳۳] He was further nominated in the Best Actor, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Picture (as producer) categories for The Great Dictator, and received another Best Original Screenplay nomination for Monsieur Verdoux.^[۵۱۳] In 1976, Chaplin was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).^[۵۱۴]

Six of Chaplin's films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress: The Immigrant (1917), The Kid (1921), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940).^[۵۱۵]

Directed features:

• The Kid (1921)
• A Woman of Paris (1923)
• The Gold Rush (1925)
• The Circus (1928)
• City Lights (1931)
• Modern Times (1936)
• The Great Dictator (1940)
• Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
• Limelight (1952)
• A King in New York (1957)
• A Countess from Hong Kong (1967)

• Chaplin, Charlie (1922). My Wonderful Visit. London: Hurst & Blackett. OCLC 253039607.
• —; Haven, Lisa Stein (2014). A Comedian Sees the World. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. OCLC 894511668.^[اخ]
• —; Robinson, David (2014). Charlie Chaplin: Footlights with The World of Limelight. Bologna: Edizioni Cineteca di Bologna. OCLC 876089834.^[اد]
• — (1964). My Autobiography. New York: Simon & Schuster. OCLC 1145727022.
• — (1974). My Life In Pictures. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. OCLC 1064991796.
• —; Hayes, Kevin J. (2005). Charlie Chaplin: Interviews. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. OCLC 54844183.^[اذ]

• وبگاه رسمی by Association Chaplin
• Chaplin's World Museum at the Manoir de Ban, Switzerland

Works

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Papers

• The Charlie Chaplin professional and personal Archive at Cineteca di Bologna, Italy
• Chaplin's file at the Federal Bureau of Investigation website
• *الگو:20th Century Press Archives – FID missing or invalid*

Data

• Aramesh.aram/صفحه تمرین ۲ در فهرست مدون فیلم‌های بلند توسط بنیاد فیلم آمریکا
• {{الگو:TCMDb name}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
• Charlie Chaplin at Virtual History: Film history of the 20th century
• https://www.allmovie.com/artist/charlie-chaplin-vn15908196
• Aramesh.aram/صفحه تمرین ۲ در IMDb

الگو:Charlie Chaplin

الگو:Chaplin family

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