Zhong Yao (鍾繇, 151 – April or May 230),[a][2] also referred to as Zhong You,[b] courtesy name Yuanchang (元常), was a Chinese calligrapher and politician who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His calligraphy was highly regarded as he was known as one of the Four Worthies of Calligraphy (書中四賢) in the history of Chinese calligraphy.[3]
Zhong Yao | |
|---|---|
| 鍾繇 | |
 Portrait of Zhong Yao in the Sancai Tuhui | |
| Grand Tutor (太傅) | |
| In office January or February 227 – April or May 230 | |
| Monarch | Cao Pi |
| Succeeded by | Sima Yi |
| Grand Commandant (太尉) | |
| In office 23 September 223 – January or February 227 | |
| Monarch | Cao Pi |
| Minister of Justice (廷尉) | |
| In office 220 – 23 September 223 | |
| Monarch | Cao Pi |
| Chancellor of State (相國) (in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom) | |
| In office ?–220 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| Succeeded by | Hua Xin |
| Grand Judge (大理) (in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom) | |
| In office 213–? | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 151 Changge, Henan |
| Died | April or May 230 (aged 79)[a] Luoyang, Henan |
| Spouses |
|
| Relations | |
| Children |
|
| Parent |
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| Occupation | Calligrapher, politician |
| Courtesy name | Yuanchang (元常) |
| Posthumous name | Marquis Cheng (成侯) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Dingling (定陵侯) |
Life
Following Cao Pi's death and Cao Rui taking the throne, Zhong Yao was appointed as the Grand Tutor (太傅) of Wei in 226. As a student of Cai Yong,[4] a famous calligrapher, he also contributed to the development of standard script (kaishu), and is known as the "father of standard script". His famous works include the Xuanshi Biao (宣示表; Xuānshì Biǎo), Jianjizhi Biao (荐季直表; 薦季直表; Jiànjìzhí Biǎo), and Liming Biao (力命表; Lìmìng Biǎo), which survive through handwritten copies, including by Wang Xizhi. Qiu Xigui (2000, p. 143) describes the script in Zhong's Xuanshi Biao as:
"... clearly emerging from the womb of early period semi-cursive script. If one were to write the tidily written variety of early period semi-cursive script in a more dignified fashion and were to use consistently the pause technique (dùn 頓; used to reinforce the beginning or ending of a stroke) when ending horizontal strokes, a practice which already appears in early period semi-cursive script, and further were to make use of right-falling strokes with thick feet, the result would be a style of calligraphy like that in the "Xuanshi Biao"".
According to Hu Zhao's biography in Records of the Three Kingdoms, Zhong Yao's calligraphy was widely emulated by others, alongside those of Hu, Handan Chun, Wei Ji (卫觊), and Wei Dan (韦诞)[5].
Family
Zhong Yao's grandfather, Zhong Hao (鍾皓), was a prominent scholar in the Eastern Han dynasty. Zhong Yao's father, Zhong Di (鍾迪), refused to enter politics because of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions. Zhong Yao had two known siblings: a brother, Zhong Yan (鍾演), who received a marquis title; a sister, who was the mother of Guo Yuan.
Zhong Yao had at least three spouses. The first, Lady Sun (孫氏), was known for being jealous of his other concubines and for seeking to harm them or make them fall out of his favour. Zhong Yao divorced her after he discovered that she tried to poison Zhang Changpu, a then-pregnant concubine. The royal family of Cao Wei tried to intervene the divorce but failed as Zhong Yao attempted to harm himself as an action of protest. He married Lady Jia (賈氏), the second spouse, as his formal wife after he divorced Lady Sun. Zhang Changpu maintained her status as a concubine up to her death. [6]
Zhong Yao had at least two sons. The elder one, Zhong Yu (鍾毓), served as the Minister of Justice (廷尉) and General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) in the Wei government. The younger one, Zhong Hui, was born to Zhang Changpu. He also served as a general in the Wei government and is best known for his role in the Wei conquest of Shu Han, one of Wei's rival states, in 263. However, he launched a rebellion in 264 against the Wei regent, Sima Zhao, but failed and was killed by his soldiers, who started a mutiny against him.
Zhong Yu had four sons: Zhong Jun (鍾峻), Zhong Yong (鍾邕), Zhong Yi (鍾毅) and Zhong Chan (鍾辿). Zhong Yi was raised as Zhong Hui's adoptive son because Zhong Hui was single and had no children. Zhong Yong was killed along with his uncle Zhong Hui during the mutiny and his family members were executed. In the aftermath of Zhong Hui's failed rebellion, Zhong Jun, Zhong Yi and Zhong Chan were implicated, arrested and placed on death row for their relations to Zhong Hui. However, Sima Zhao took into consideration that Zhong Yao and Zhong Yu had rendered meritorious service to Wei, hence he decided to let them preserve their posterity. He made the Wei emperor Cao Huan issue an imperial decree, which pardoned Zhong Jun and Zhong Chan and restored them to their original official positions and titles. Zhong Yi, however, was executed[7] because he was Zhong Hui's adoptive son and was hence not eligible for the pardon.
See also
Notes
References
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- Hanyu Dazidian 漢語大字典 (Taiwanese ed.). Taipei: Hubei Cishu Chubanshe and Sichuan Cishu Chubanshe. 1992. ISBN 957-813-478-9.
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Qiu, Xigui (2000). Chinese Writing. Translation of 文字學概論 by Mattos and Norman. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-071-7.
- Wang, Yuchi. "Zhong Yao". Encyclopedia of China (Arts Edition), 1st ed.