User:Fuelbottle/footers - - Wiki English

General areas of finance

v t e Schools of macroeconomic thought
Mainstream	Keynesian Neo- New Monetarism New classical Rational expectations theory Real business-cycle theory Stockholm Supply-side New neoclassical synthesis Saltwater and freshwater
Heterodox	Austrian Chartalism Modern Monetary Theory Disequilibrium Marxian Post-Keynesian Circuitism Market monetarism

v t e Microeconomics
Major topics	Aggregation Budget set Consumer choice Convexity and non-convexity Cost Average Marginal Opportunity Implicit Social Sunk Transaction Cost–benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Cross elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of supply Equilibrium General Exchange Externality Firms Goods and services Goods Service Household Income–consumption curve Information Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Market Market failure Market structure Competition Monopolistic Perfect Duopoly Monopoly Bilateral Complementary Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Pareto efficiency Preferences Price Price controls Price ceiling Price floor Price discrimination Price signal Price system/Free Pricing Production Profit Public goods Rationing Rent Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage/Excess supply Substitution effect Surplus Social choice Supply and demand Demand/Law of demand Supply/Law of supply Uncertainty Utility Expected Marginal Wage
Subfields	Behavioral Business Computational Development Statistical decision theory Econometrics Engineering economics Civil engineering economics Evolutionary Experimental Game theory Green Industrial organization Institutional Labor Law Managerial Mathematical Microfoundations of macroeconomics Operations research Optimization Welfare
See also	Economics Applied Macroeconomics Political economy
Business portal Category

v t e Major branches of physics
Divisions	Pure Applied Engineering
Approaches	Experimental Theoretical Computational
Classical	Classical mechanics Newtonian Analytical Celestial Continuum Acoustics Classical electromagnetism Classical optics Ray Wave Thermodynamics Statistical Non-equilibrium
Modern	Relativistic mechanics Special General Nuclear physics Quantum mechanics Particle physics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic Molecular Modern optics Condensed matter physics
Interdisciplinary	Astrophysics Atmospheric physics Biophysics Chemical physics Geophysics Materials science Mathematical physics Medical physics Ocean physics Quantum information science
Related	History of physics Nobel Prize in Physics Philosophy of physics Physics education Timeline of physics discoveries

v t e Major subfields of astronomy
Astrobiology Astrochemistry Astrometry Astrophysics Cosmochemistry Cosmology Extragalactic astronomy Galactic astronomy Orbital mechanics Physical cosmology Planetary geology Planetary science Solar astronomy Stellar astronomy

Branches of biology

See also

Myeloid blood cells and plasma

Hematopoiesis

Myelopoiesis
(CFU-GEMM)

CFU-GM

Granulopoiesis Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band cell
Monocytopoiesis Monoblast Promonocyte

MEP

Thrombopoiesis Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte
Erythropoiesis Proerythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte

General

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

Myeloid tissue

Granulocytes

Monocytes

Macrophages	Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells Foreign-body giant cell Touton giant cells
Other	Antigen-presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU-DL Monoblast MPS

Platelets

Red blood cells

Immune response

Other

Precursor cells
Myelomonocyte

Other

Anatomy of the endocrine system

Pituitary gland

Anterior	Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell
Posterior	Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies

Thyroid

Parathyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Cortex	Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
Medulla	Chromaffin cell

Gonads

Islets of pancreas

Pineal gland

Other

Sensation and perception

Processes
and
concepts

Sensation	Stimulus Sensory receptor Transduction (physiology) Sensory processing Active sensory system
Perception	Multimodal integration Awareness Consciousness Cognition Feeling Motion perception Qualia

Human

External

Sensory organs	Eyes Ears Inner ear Nose Mouth Skin
Sensory systems	Visual system (sense of vision) Auditory system (sense of hearing) Vestibular system (sense of balance) Olfactory system (sense of smell) Gustatory system (sense of taste) Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
Sensory cranial and spinal nerves	Optic (II) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Olfactory (I) Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Trigeminal (V) Spinal
Cerebral cortices	Visual cortex Auditory cortex Vestibular cortex Olfactory cortex Gustatory cortex Somatosensory cortex
Perceptions	Visual perception (vision) Auditory perception (hearing) Equilibrioception (balance) Olfaction (smell) Gustation (taste or flavor) Touch mechanoreception nociception (pain) thermoception

Internal

Nonhuman

Animal	Electroreception Magnetoreception Echolocation Infrared sensing in vampire bats Infrared sensing in snakes Surface wave detection Frog hearing Toad vision
Plant	Photomorphogenesis Gravitropism
Artificial	Robotic sensing Computer vision Machine hearing

Types of
sensory receptors

Mechanoreceptor	Baroreceptor Mechanotransduction Lamellar corpuscle Tactile corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Bulbous corpuscle Campaniform sensilla Slit sensilla Stretch receptor
Photoreceptor	Photoreceptor cell Cone cell Rod cell ipRGC Photopigment Aureochrome
Chemoreceptor	Taste receptor Olfactory receptor Osmoreceptor
Thermoreceptor	Cilium TRP channels
Nociceptor	Nociceptin receptor Juxtacapillary receptor

Disorders

Visual	Visual impairment Alice in Wonderland syndrome Amaurosis Anopsia Color blindness Diplopia Hemeralopia and Nyctalopia Optic neuropathy Oscillopsia Palinopsia Papilledema Photophobia Photopsia Polyopia Scotoma Stereoblindness Visual snow
Auditory	Amblyaudia Auditory agnosia Auditory hallucination Auditory verbal agnosia Cortical deafness Hearing loss Microwave auditory effect Music-specific disorders Palinopsia Spatial hearing loss Tinnitus
Vestibular	Vertigo BPPV Labyrinthine fistula Labyrinthitis Ménière's disease
Olfactory	Anosmia Dysosmia Hyperosmia Hyposmia Olfactory reference syndrome Parosmia Phantosmia
Gustatory	Ageusia Hypergeusia Hypogeusia Parageusia
Tactile	Astereognosis CMT disease Formication Hyperesthesia Hypoesthesia Paresthesia Tactile hallucination
Nociception (pain)	Hyperalgesia Hypoalgesia Pain dissociation Phantom pain
Proprioception	Asomatognosia Phantom limb syndrome Somatoparaphrenia Supernumerary phantom limb
Multimodal	Aura Agnosia Allochiria Derealization Hallucination HSAN Sensory processing disorder Synesthesia

Biases and errors

Pareidolia

Anatomy of the heart

General

Surface

Internal

atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle

Chambers

Right heart	(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart	(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)

Layers

Endocardium	heart valves
Myocardium	Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity	pericardial sinus
Pericardium	fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium/visceral layer fold of left vena cava

Blood supply

Anatomy of the endocrine system

Pituitary gland

Anterior	Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell
Posterior	Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies

Thyroid

Parathyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Cortex	Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
Medulla	Chromaffin cell

Gonads

Islets of pancreas

Pineal gland

Other

Anatomy of hearing and balance

Outer ear

Middle ear

Tympanic cavity	Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence
Ossicles	Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani
Auditory tube / Eustachian tube	Torus tubarius

Inner ear

Labyrinths

Auditory system

General	Cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cells Claudius Boettcher
Cochlear duct / scala media	Reissner's/vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus

Vestibular system

Vestibule	Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Otolithic membrane Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens
Semicircular canals	Superior Posterior Horizontal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris

Anatomy of taste

Tongue

Path

medulla	Solitary tract VII IX X Solitary nucleus Gustatory nucleus
pons	Central tegmental tract Medial parabrachial nucleus Hypothalamus Amygdala
thalamus	Ventral posteromedial nucleus
cerebrum	Posterior limb of internal capsule Gustatory cortex

Other

Smell

Microanatomy

Olfactory nerve

Brain areas involved in smell

Primary olfactory cortex

Lateral olfactory stria

1	Piriform cortex EC-hippocampus system Entorhinal cortex Hippocampal formation Prepyriform area Periamygdaloid cortex
2	Stria medullaris → Habenular nuclei
3	Amygdala → Stria terminalis → Hypothalamus
4	Medial forebrain bundle → Hypothalamus

Medial olfactory stria

Anterior olfactory nucleus

General

v t e Optical illusions (list)
Illusions	Afterimage Ambigram Ambiguous image Ames room Autostereogram Barberpole Bezold Café wall Checker shadow Chubb Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Gravity hill Grid Hering Impossible trident Irradiation Jastrow Lilac chaser Mach bands McCollough Müller-Lyer Necker cube Oppel-Kundt Orbison Penrose stairs Penrose triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin vase Sander Schroeder stairs Shepard tables Spinning dancer Ternus Vertical–horizontal White's Wundt Zöllner
Popular culture	Op art Trompe-l'œil Spectropia (1864 book) Ascending and Descending (1960 drawing) Waterfall (1961 drawing) The dress (2015 photograph)
Related	Accidental viewpoint Auditory illusions Illusions Tactile illusions Temporal illusion

Anatomy of the globe of the human eye

Fibrous tunic
(outer)

Sclera	Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork
Cornea	Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Dua's layer Descemet's Endothelium

Uvea / vascular
tunic (middle)

Choroid	Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer
Ciliary body	Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana
Iris	Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle

Retina (inner)

Layers	Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium
Cells	Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell, Muller glia
Other	Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata

Anatomical regions
of the eye

Anterior segment	Adnexa (Eyebrow, Eyelid, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal system, Orbit) Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn
Posterior segment	Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid

Other

Anatomy of the globe of the human eye

Fibrous tunic
(outer)

Sclera	Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork
Cornea	Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Dua's layer Descemet's Endothelium

Uvea / vascular
tunic (middle)

Choroid	Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer
Ciliary body	Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana
Iris	Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle

Retina (inner)

Layers	Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium
Cells	Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell, Muller glia
Other	Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata

Anatomical regions
of the eye

Anterior segment	Adnexa (Eyebrow, Eyelid, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal system, Orbit) Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn
Posterior segment	Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid

Other

Anatomy of the lower respiratory tract

Respiratory tree

Trachea	Tracheal rings Annular ligaments Carina
Bronchi	Main left right Secondary eparterial Tertiary

Lungs

General	Landmarks Base Apex Root Hilum Fissures Horizontal Oblique Superior lobe Lingula of left lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe
BP segment	Bronchiole: Conducting zone (Terminal bronchiole) Respiratory zone (Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus Blood-air barrier)
Cells	Alveolar cells Type I Type II Club cell Goblet cell