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Sandbox: Wisconsin

Bibliography

A History of the Crusades: list of contributions

Chronology

Chronology of the later Crusades through 1400

Chronology, 15th and beyond

A History of the Crusades: list of contributions

Reconquista

Crusade Chronology

Crusade Chronology, Second Part

Northern Chronology

Crusader States Chronology

Setton

Biographies Sandbox

Draft Sandbox

Chronology of the Crusades

Timeline of Muslim Palestine

Byzantine emperor of the Komnenian dynasty

Eclipse of the sun.[1][2][3]

lordship of Hebron

lordship of Oultrejordain

Urban III[4]

The siege of Jerusalem marked the successful end of the First Crusade, whose objective was the recovery of the city of Jerusalem from Mulsim control. The five-week siege began on 7 June 1099 and was carried out by the Christian forces of Western Europe mobilized by Pope Urban II after the Council of Clermont in 1095. The city had been out of Christian control since the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 637 and had been held for a century first by the Seljuk Turks and later by the Egyptian Fatimids. One of the root causes of the Crusades was the hindering of Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land which began in the 4th century. A number of eyewitness accounts of the battle were recorded, including in the anonymous chronicle Gesta Francorum.

After Jerusalem was captured, thousands of Muslims and Jews were massacred by Crusader soldiers. As the Crusaders secured control over the Temple Mount, revered as the site of the two destroyed Jewish Temples, they also seized Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock and repurposed them as Christian shrines. Godfrey of Bouillon, prominent among the Crusader leadership, was elected as the first ruler of Jerusalem.















Battle of Pelagonia 1259[5][6]

Politics in the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople[7]

Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany. By Benjamin Arnold




Corinne Holt Sawyer.[8][9][10][11]


Translations:

Giovanni del Virgilio. Giovanni del Virgilio (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Giovanni del Virgilio)

Grail legend.

  • Medieval narrative: a book of translations (1928)[15] by American medievalist Margaret Schlauch (1898–1986).[16]
  • Two fragments of an Irish romance of the Holy Grail (1903). Translated by F. N. Robinson. In Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie,[17] Volume IV (1903), pp. 381–393.

Gregory of Tours. Gregory of Tours (c. 538 – 594) was a Gallo-Roman historian and bishop of Tours.[18][19]

  • The history of the Franks, by Gregory of Tours (1927).[20]. Translated with an introduction by British museum curator and archaeologist Ormonde Maddock Dalton (1866–1945).[21]
  • History of the Franks (1916).[22] Selections, translated with an introduction by Ernest Brehaut (1873–1953).[23]
  • Life of the fathers (1985).[24] Translated with an introduction by Edward James (born 1947).[25]

Gudrun. Gudrun

  • Gudrun, Beowulf and Roland with other mediaeval tales (1881).[26] By John Gibb (1835–1915).[27]

Guy of Warwick. Guy of Warwick is a legendary English hero of Romance popular in England and France from the 13th to 17th centuries. The story of Sir Guy is considered by scholars to be part of the Matter of England.[28][29]

  • The romance of Guy of Warwick.[30] The first (or, 14th-century) version. Translated by German philologist Julius Zupitza (1844–1895).[31]
  • The Irish lives of Guy of Warwick and Bevis of Hampton (1907).[32] Edited by Fred Norris Robinson (1871–1966). Irish texts, followed by English translations. Commentary in English.From the Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie,[33] VI. Band, 1.-2. Heft. See Bevis of Hampton.

Hoccleve, Thomas. Thomas Hoccleve (1368–1426),[34][35]

  • Orison of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Modernized by "B". In The Month,[36] LXXV (1892), pp. 11–16. Once attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer.

Ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqī. ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqī (1116–1176) was a historian (Kurdish, Arabic or Turkish) from Mayyafariqin who wrote extensively on Ilghazi (died 1122) from the Artuqid dynasty and Demetrius I of Georgia (c. 1093 – 1156), from the Bagrationi dynasty.

  • History of the Jazira, 1100–1150: The Contribution of ibn al-Azraq al-Fariq (1979).[37] Translations, with annotations and commentary, of the two existing manuscripts of Ta'rikh Mayyafariqin wa-Amid (The history of Mayyafariqin and Amid) by British Islamic scholar Carole Hillenbrand (born 1943).[38]

Icelandic Literature.

  • Origines islandicae (1905).[39]. A collection of the more important sagas and other native writings relating to the settlement and early history of Iceland. Edited and translated by Icelandic scholar Gudbrand Vigfusson (1827–1889)[40] and English historian Frederick York Powell (1850–1904).[41] Consists of five books in two volumes: settlement and settlers; the old constitutin; conversion and early Church of Iceland: the young colony; and, explorers. See article on Origines islandicae below.

Medieval narrative: a book of translations (1928)[15] by American medievalist Margaret Schlauch (1898–1986).[16]

Irish History and Literature.

  • The prophecies of SS. Columbkille, Maeltamlacht, Ultan, Seadhna, Coireall, Bearcan, Malachy, &c (1856).[42] Together with the prophetic collectanea, or gleanings of several writers who have preserved portions of the now lost prophecies of our saints, with literal translation and notes. By Nicholas O'Kearney.[43]
  • The sources for the early history of Ireland: an introduction and guide (1929).[44][45] By James Francis Kenney (1884–1946).[46]
  • Lectures on the manuscript materials of ancient Irish history (1861).[47] By Irish philologist and antiquary Eugene O'Curry(1796–1862).[48][49]
  • A list of ancient Irish authors, from the Book of Ballymote, 308 b.12 (1901). By Celtic scholar Whitley Stokes (1830–1909).[50] In Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie,[17] Volume III (1901), pp. 15–16.
  • Ancient Irish tales (1936).[51] Edited by Thomas Peete Cross (1879–1951)[52] and Clark Harris Slover.[53] Includes: (1) Tales of the Tuatha de Danann: The book of invasions; The second battle of Mag Tured (Moytura); The fate of the children of Tuirenn; The wooing of Etain; The destruction of Da Derga's hostel. (2) The Ulster cycle: The birth of Conchobar; The birth of Cu Chulainn; The boyhood deeds of Cu Chulainn; The wooing of Emer; The tragic death of Connla; The sick-bed of Cu Chulainn; The story of Mac Datho's pig; The debility of the Ulstermen; The cattle-raid of Regamna; The intoxication of the Ulstermen; The exile of the sons of Usnech; The adventures of Nera; Bricriu's feast; The cattle-raid of Cooley; The tragic death of Cu Roi Mac Dairi; Death tales of the Ulster heroes; The phantom chariot of the Cu Chulainn. (3) The cycle of Finn, Ossian, and their companions: The cause of the battle of Cnucha; The boyhood deeds of Finn; The pursuit of Diarmuid and Grainne; The hiding of the Hill of Howth; The death of Finn; Oisin in the land of youth; The colloquy of the old men. (4) Tales of the traditional kings: The death of Fergus Mac Leide; The adventures of Connla the Fair; The adventures of Art son of Conn; Cormac's Adventures in the land of promise; The adventures of the sons of Eochaid Mugmedon; The death of Niall of the nine hostages; The death of Muircertach Mac Erca; The wooing of Becfola; How Ronan slew his son; Stories of Mongan; The vision of Mac Conglinne; The voyage of Bran son of Febal.
  • Prayers of the Gael (1915).[54] :  being a translation from Irish into English /  by R. MacCrócaigh [R. Crookes] of the collection of Miss Charlotte Dease entitled "Paidreacha na nDaoine" and pub. by the Irish messenger, Dublin.
  • Silva gadelica (I–XXXI) (1892).[55] A collection of tales in Irish with extracts illustrating persons and places. Edited from manuscripts and translated by Irish antiquarian Standish Hayes O'Grady (1832–1915).[56] (cf. Silva gadelica)
  • The death-tales of the Ulster heroes (1906). Edited and translated by German Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer (1858–1919).[57] In the Todd Lecture Series,[58] 14 (1906).
  • The voyage of Bran, son of Febal, to the land of the living (1895–1897).[59] An edition of an 8th century Irish saga, Voyage of Bran, now first edited with translation, notes, and glossary, by German Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer (1858–1919).[60]. With an essay upon the Irish vision of the happy otherworld and the Celtic doctrine of rebirth, by Alfred Trübner Nutt (1856–1910).[61]
  • Heroic romances of Ireland (1905–1906) [62] Translated into English prose and verse, with preface, special introductions and notes by Arthur Herbert Leahy (1857–1928).[63]
  • Hibernica minora (1894). Edited by Kuno Meyer. A fragment of an Old Irish treatise on the Psalter, with translation, notes and glossary, and an appendix containing extracts from ms. Rawlinson, B.512 in the Bodleian Library. In Anecdota Oxoniensia: Mediaeval and modern series,[64] Volume VIII.
  • An early Irish reader (1927),[65] by English philologist Nora Kershaw Chadwick (1891–1972).
  • Catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the British Museum (1926, completed 1953).[66]
  • Tracts relating to Ireland (1841–1843).[67] Published by the Irish Archaeological Society.
  • Lectures on the manuscript materials of ancient Irish history (1861),[68] by Irish philologist and antiquary Eugene O'Curry(1796–1862).[69][70]
  • On the manners and customs of the ancient Irish (1873),[71] by Irish philologist and antiquary Eugene O'Curry (1796–1862).[72][73] Edited with an introduction, appendixes, etc., by William Kirby Sullivan (1821–1890).[74]

Italian literature.[75]

  • The early Italian poets from Ciullo d'Alcamo to Dante Alighieri (1100-1200-1300) in the original metres, together with Dante's Vita nuova (1905).[76]

John of Damascus. John of Damascus (675–676), also known as St. John Damascene, was a Christian monk, priest, and apologist from Damascus.[77][78] He is reputed to be the author of the legend of Barlaam and Josaphat.[79][80][81]

  • St. John Damascene: Barlaam and Ioasaph (1914).[82] With an English translation by George Radcliffe Woodward (1848–1934) and Harold Mattingly (1884–1964), and introduction by D.M. Lang. Loeb Classical Library, Volume L.034.
  • Baralâm and Yĕwâsěf, being the Ethiopic version of a Christianized recension of the Buddhist legend of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva (1923).[83] The Ethiopic text edited for the first time with an English translation and introduction by British Egyptologist and orientalist Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (1857–1934).[84]

John of Tynemouth. John of Tynemouth (fl. 1350–1366) was a medieval English chronicler.[85]

  • Nova legenda Anglie (1901).[86] As collected by John of Tynemouth, John Capgrave,[87] and others, and first printed, with new lives, by Wynkyn de Worde AD MDXVI. Now re-edited with fresh material from manusctipts and printed sources by Carl Horstmann.[88]

Kitab Hamasah. The Kitab al-Hamasah is a 10-book anthology of Arabic poetry compiled by Arab poet 'Abū Tammām (c. 796/807 – 850).[89]

  • Specimens of pre-Islamitic Arabic poetry, selected and translated from the Hamasah (1881). By Hungarian orientalist Edward Rehatsek (1819–1891).[90] In the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,[91] XV (1881–1882), pp. 65–108. The Kitab al-Hamasah is an anthology of Arabic poetry compiled by Abu Tammam.
  • The Díwán Hammásah: a selection of Arabic poems (1856).[92] By Kabir al-Din Ahmad and Ghulam Rabbani.

Lancelot of Denmark. Lanseloet van Denemerken (Lancelot of Denmark) is a Middle Dutch drama.

  • A beautiful play of Lancelot of Denmark: how he fell in love with a lady who waited upon his mother (1924).[93] Translated by Dutch historian Pieter Geyl (1887–1966).[94]

Luis de la Palma. Luis de la Palma (1559–1641) was a Spanish Jesuit priest and is considered part of the golden age of Spanish religious literature.

  • The history of the sacred passion, from the Spanish of Father Luis de la Palma (1912).[95] The translation revised and edited by English religious writer Henry James Coleridge (1822–1893).[96][97]

Lull, Ramon

Llull, R., Peers, E. Allison (Edgar Allison). (1923). The book of the lover and the beloved. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.[98]

Llull, R., Peers, E. Allison (Edgar Allison). (1926). Blanquerna: a thirteenth century romance. London: Jarrolds.[99]

Lydgate, John. John Lydgate of Bury (c. 1370 – c. 1451) was an English monk and poet.

  • The child of Bristowe, a legend of the fourteenth century (1886).[100] Modernized by American folklorist Francis James Child (1825–1896).
  • H. N. MacCracken, John Lydgate: The Minor Poems, Vol. II: Secular Poems, (1934).[101] includes Order of fools

Malory, Thomas.

  • Malory, T., Conybeare, J. William Edward., Arthur, K. (1868). Morte d'Arthur: the history of King Arthur, abridged & revised. London: Moxon.[102] Thomas Malory.[103]
  • Malory, T., Flint, W. Russell. (1921). Le morte Darthur: the history of King Arthur and of his noble knights of the round table. Boston: Medici Society.[104] Scottish artist Sir William Russell Flint (1880–1969).[105]

Marco Polo.

  • The book of Sir Marco Polo the Venetian: concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the East (1875).[106] Newly translated and edited with notes, maps, and other illustrations by Scottish orientalist and geographer Sir Henry Yule (1820–1889).[107]

Martyrologies. Acts of the martyrs [108]

  • Select narratives of holy women (1900)[109] : from the Syro-Antiochene or Sinai palimpsest : as written above the old Syriac Gospels by John the Stylite, of Beth-Mari-Qanūn in A.D. 778. Translated by Agnes Smith Lewis (1843–1926).[110][111] Studia sinaitica.[112]
  • Some authentic acts of the early martyrs (1927).[113] [114]Translated and edited by Edward Charles Everard Owen (1860–1949).[115] Summary of persecutions in the Roman Empire: (1) Martyrdom of St. Polycarp; (2) Acts of Saints Carpus, Papylus, and the Agathonica; (3) Acts of Saints Justin and his companions; (4) Letter of the churches of Vienne and Lyons; (5) Acts of the Scillitan saints; (6) Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas; (7) Acts of St. Cyprian; (8) Acts of Saints Fructuosus and his deacons; (9) Passion of Saints James and Marian; (10) Martyrdom of St. Marinus; (11) Acts of St. Marcellus; (12) Passion of St. Cassian; and, (13) Passion of St. Procopius.

Matters, Three. Matters of France

Medieval history.

  • Select historical documents of the middle ages (1896).[116] Translated and edited by Ernest Flagg Henderson (1861–1928).[117]

Medieval literature.

(1) Turpin's “History of Charles the Great and Orlando,” which is an old source of Charlemagne romance; (2) Spanish Ballads, relating chiefly to the romance of Charlemagne, these being taken from the spirited translations of Spanish ballads published in 1823 by John Gibson Lockhart ; (3) a selection of stories from the “Gesta Romanorum ;" and (4) the old translation of the original story of Faustus, on which Marlowe founded his play, and which is the first source of the Faust legend in literature

History of Charles the Great and Orlando (1812).[133] Ascribed to archibishop Turpin;

Ancient Spanish ballads: historical and romantic (1823).[134] Translated by Scottish writer John Gibson Lockhart (1794–1854),[135][136] author of Memoirs of the life of Sir Walter Scott (1839).[137]

Gesta Romanorum

Old German History of Faustus, first published at Frankfort in September 1587,

THE HISTORY OF THE DAMNABLE LIFE AND DESERVED DEATH OF DR. JOHN FAUSTUS[138][139]

Thoms, W. John., Morley, H. (1906). Early English prose romances. New ed., rev. and enl. London: G. Routledge and Sons, limited.

Mesca Ulad. Mesca Ulad is a narrative from the Ulster Cycle preserved in the 12th century manuscripts the Book of Leinster and in the Lebor na hUidre.

  • Mesca Ulad: or, The intoxication of the Ultonians (1889).[140] With translation and introductory notes, by Irish scholar William Maunsell Hennessy (1829–1889).[141] In the Todd Lecture Series,[142] I, part 1.
  • Mesca Ulad (1938). Translated by James Carmichael Watson (1910–1942).[143] In Scottish gaelic studies,[144] V (1938)

Michelangelo Buonarroti. Michelangelo Buonarroti.

Mā Shā’ Allāh ibn Athari. Mā Shā’ Allāh ibn Athari

  • Sister Maura, 1., Mā Shā' Allāh, a. (1914). An Irish astronomical tract: based in part on a mediaeval Latin version of a work by Messahalah. London: Irish Texts Society.[145]

Mir Khwand. Mīr-Khvānd.

Mu'allaqāt. The Mu'allaqāt is a group of seven long Arabic poems meaning the Hanging Poem, implying that these poems were hung on in the Kaaba in Mecca.[147] Along with the Mufaddaliyat, Jamharat Ash'ar al-Arab, Kitab Hamasah and Asma'iyyat, the Mu'allaqāt are considered the primary source for early Arabic poetry.

  • Mu'allaqāt (the seven hanging poems), translated by Sir William Jones (1746–1794). In Ancient Arabia (1917). Volume V of Sacred books and early literature of the East,[148] with a historical survey and descriptions by Charles Francis Horn (1870-1942).

Mufaddaliyyat. The Mufaddaliyyat is an anthology of ancient Arabic poems by al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī (fl. 762–784).The Mufaḍḍaliyāt is one of five canonical primary sources of early Arabic poetry. The four others are Mu'allaqat, Kitab Hamasah, Jamharat Ash'ar al-Arab and Asma'iyyat.

Myths and Legends. Legendary personages or creatures of romance who have been mistaken for heroes of history in the Dictionary of National Biography.[152] The discussion by editor Sidney Lee[153] identifies the following eleven:

Origines islandicae. Origines islandicae (1905).[39]. A collection of the more important sagas and other native writings relating to the settlement and early history of Iceland. Edited and translated by Icelandic scholar Gudbrand Vigfusson (1827–1889)[40] and English historian Frederick York Powell (1850–1904).[41] Consists of five books in two volumes.

  • Book I. Settlement and Settlers: (1) Landnama Book, or the Book of Settlements; (2) Early genealogies from sagas; (3) The Thorsness Settlement; (4) Mantissa and the Tale of Garmund Hell-skin.
  • Book II. The Old Constitution: (1) Libellus Islanorum; (2) Primitive Laws and Customs; (3) Early Constitutional Law; (4) Nial and the Fifth Court.
  • Book III. Conversion and Early Church of Icelend: (1) Cristne Saga--The Tale of Thorwald the Far-farer; (2) Early Church Legends: (a) Swade and the Poor; (b) Thorhall Knop; (c) The Tale of Thidrande; (3) The Lives of the First Seven Bishops of Scalholt: (a) Hungrvaca; (b) Þorláks Saga; (c) Póls Saga; (4) St. John of Holar's Life (Ioans Saga); (5) Second Life of Thorlac (Oddaverja-Páttr); (6) Fragments from Gunlaug's Life of S. John of Holar; (7) Biographica Minora: (a) Tales of Bishop Islaf; (b) Of Bishop Gizor; (c) Bishop Magnus and King Gilchrist (d) Of Cetil and Haflide; (e) The Election of Bishop Godmund of Holar; (8) Law Ecclesiastic; (9) Church Charters.
  • Book IV. The Young Colony: (1) The South: (a) Hœnsa-þóres saga; (b) Harðar saga (Holmverja saga); (c) The settlement of Cetil Blund. (2) The West: Eyrbyggja saga, Appendix of Snorre gode; Laxdæla saga; Gisla saga; Harvarðz saga. (3) The North: Vatzdæla saga, The story of Ohthere Thorwaldsson (from Hallfred saga); Cormac saga; Liósyetninga saga; Víga-Glúms saga: The tale of Glum and Scuta, The tale of Ogmund Dint and Gunnere Helming. (4) The East: Hrafnkels saga: Helganna saga (The story of the two Helges): The murder of Westan; The slaying of Thorgrim; The tale of Gunnere Thidrand's Bane; The tale of Thorstan Staff-smitten; the tale of Thorstan Oxfoot.
  • Book V. Explorers: (1) Discovery of Wineland: (a) The Wineland voyages, or The story of Eric the Red; (b) The story of Thorfinn Carlsemne; (c) The tale of Beorn, the Broadwick-men's champion. (2) Christian champions: (a) The story of Thorgisl (Floamanna saga); (b) The story of Thormod (Fóstbroeðra saga), (c) The tale of the foster-brothers Thorgeir and Eywulf. (3) The tale of the Greenlanders.

Orlando. See Roland.

Painting.

  • A treatise on painting (1844).[175] Written by Cennino Cennini in the year 1437, and first published in Italian in 1821, with an introduction and notes, by Giuseppe Tambroni (1773–1824).[176] Containing practical directions for painting in fresco, secco, oil, and distemper, with the art of gilding and illuminating manuscripts adopted by the old Italian masters. Translated by artist and algologist Mary Philadelphia Merrifield (1804–1889).[177] With an introductory preface, copious notes, and illustrations in outline from celebrated pictures.
  • The book of the art of Cennino Cennini (1922).[178] A contemporaty practical treatise of quattrocento painting translated from the Italian, with notes on medieval art methods,  by British artist Lady Christiana Jane Herringham(1852–1929).[179]
  • Il libro dell' arte [The craftsman's handbook] (1932).[180][181] By American art historian and translator Daniel Varney Thompson (1902–1980).[182]

Pearl. Pearl is a late 14th-century poem that is considered one of the most important surviving Middle English works.[183]

  • Pearl (1921). In Select early English poems,[184] Volume 8 (1921). Translated and edited by English historian and Shakespearian scholar Sir Israel Gollancz (1863–1930).[185]

Petrarch, Francesco. Francesco Petrarch

  • One hundred sonnets (1907). In The new life: (La vita nuova) (1907),[128] By Dante Alighieri, translated by English poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–1882),[129] with an introduction by American author Charles Eliot Norton (1827–1908).[130] Includes: La fiammetta, by Giovanni Boccaccio; and Poems, by Michelangelo Buonarroti. Of the sonnets here presented, Lord Charlemont translated No. 1; Francis Wrangham translated Nos. 3, 9, 19, 82 and 83; Susan Wollaston[186] translated Nos. 4, 6, 8, 11, 23, 30, 31, 49, 66, 68, 75 and 98; Lady Barbarina Dacre (1767–1854)[187] translated Nos. 12, 39, and 40; Capel Lofft translated Nos. 13, 14 and 95; Dr. John Nott translated Nos. 16, 20, 21, 50, 61, 69, 77, 88, and 99; Maria Eugenia Wrottesley translated No. 47; Basil Kennett translated No. 52; John Penn translated No. 67; Geoffrey Chaucer translated No. 87; Sir Thomas Wyatt translated Nos. 89 and 90; Drummond of Hawthornden translated No. 94; Nos. 5, 22, 35, 71 and 93 are anonymous translations. The other translations are by Major Robert Guthrie Macgregor (fl. 1851).[188]
  • Gualtherus and Griselda (1741).[189] Or, The Clerk of Oxford's tale. From Boccace, Petrarch, and Chaucer. To which are added, A letter to a friend, with the Clerk of Oxford's character, &c. The Clerk of Oxford's prologue, from Chaucer. The Clerk of Oxford's conclusion, from Petrarch. The declaration, ... from Chaucer. The words of our host, from Chaucer. A letter in Latin, from Petrarch to Boccace.  Stories of Griselda, edited by English author and translator George Ogle (1704–1746).[190]

Plutarch.

  • Queen Elizabeth's Englishings of Boethius, Plutarch and Horace (1899).[191] De consolatione philosophiae, A.D. 1593;  Plutarch, De curiositate [1598]; Horace, De arte poetica (part) A.D. 1598. Edited from the unique manuscript, partly in the Queen's hand, in the Public Record Office, London, by Miss Caroline Pemberton.[192] In Early English Text Society, Original Series, 113.

Political, religious, and love poems. A series of collections translated and edited by English philologist Frederick James Furnivall (1825–1910)[193] and published in the In Early English Text Society (EETS), Original Series.

  • Hali meidenhad, an alliterative homily of the thirteenth century (1866).[196] Translated and edited by E. J. Furnivall and Thomas Oswald Cockayne (1807–1873).[197] EETS, OS 18.
  • The stacions of Rome ...  and The pilgrims sea-voyage ... with Clene maydenhod ...(1867).[198] A supplement to Political, religious, and love poems and Hali meidenhad. EETS, OS 25.

Pulci, Luigi. Luigi Pulci (1432–1484) was an Italian diplomat and poet. Il Morgante,

Ragnar Lothbrok. Ragnar Lothbrok.

  • The Death-song of Lodbroc (1887).[199] Translation of the Old Norse poem Krákumál, known also as Loðbrókarkviða. Translated from the Icelandic, with explanatory notes by Edmund Goldsmid.

Ralph the Collier.

The taill of Rauf Coilyear with the fragments of Roland and Vernagu and Otuel (1882).[200] Edited by Sidney J. H. Herrtage. An edition of The Tale of Ralph the Collier. See also The taill of Rauf Coilyear: a Scottish metrical romance of the fifteenth century (1903).[201] /  edited, with an introduction, notes, and glossarial index, by William Hand Browne.

Reynard the Fox. Reynard the Fox

The most delectable history of Reynard the Fox, and of his son Reynardine (1844).[202]:  a revised version of an old romance.

Roland. See also Chanson de Roland, above.

Sa'di. Saadi Shirazi Gulistan

  • The Gulistan, Being the Rose-Garden of Shaikh Saʾdi, Benares, 1888 (originally attributed to Richard Burton, repr. N.Y., 1966). Translated by Hungarian orientalist Edward Rehatsek (1819–1891).[146]

Saints' Lives.

  • Bethada náem nÉrenn: Lives of Irish saints (1922).[212] Edited from the original mss. with introduction, translation, notes, glossary, and indexes by English historian Charles Plummer (1851–1927).

Secretum Secretorum[213]

Somerled. Somerled (died 1164)

Spanish literature.

John the Stylite. Select narratives of holy women,[214] by Agnes Smith Lewis (1900). Fragments of the Acts of Judas Thomas (edited and translated by F. C. Burkitt) are found in Select narratives of holy women,[215]

Sunnah

  • Medieval Arabic, Moorish and Turkish (1917). Volume VI of Sacred books and early literature of the East,[148] with a historical survey and descriptions by C. F. Horn. Includes: selections from the Sunnah, or Sayings and traditions of Muhammad; selections from al-Masudi's Meadows of gold and mines of gems; al-Ghazzāli's Confessions; al-Hariri's Assemblies; Arabian poems by various authors; brief selections from Moorish and Turkish literature. Various translators.

Persian literature. Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia.[216]

  • Translations of Eastern poetry and prose (1922).[217] By English orientalist Reynold Alleyne Nicholson (1868–1945).[218] Later edition[219] of 1987 includes an introduction by Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1928–2015).[220] From the author's introduction: "This book, containing versions from about fifty authors may be of use to some who are interested in the two great literatures of Islam-Arabic and Persian. Theology, law, philosophy, science and medicine are scarcely touched, but the reader will learn something of Islamic history and religion, morals and manners, culture and character; something, too, of the heathen Arabs to whom Mohammed was sent."
  • A literary history of Persia (1906).[221] By British Iranologist Edward Granville Browne (1862–1926).[222]
  • Week-end caravan (1937).[223] An anthology of prose and verse translations from Arabic, Persian and Turkish, and of passages relating to the Islamic countries. By Sigmar Hillelson.[224]

  • Tales of a parrot.[230] Done into English, from a Persian manuscript, intitled Tooti Namêh. Translated by B. Gerrans from a Persian compilation by Ziya ul-Din Nakhshabī. By a teacher of the Persic, Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldaic, Greek, Latin, Italian, French and English languages.

Peter of Blois. Peter of Blois Ingulf, 1., Riley, H. T. (Henry Thomas)., Peter, o. Blois. (1908). Ingulph's chronicle of the abbey of Croyland: with the continuations by Peter of Blois and anonymous writers. London: G. Bell & sons.[237]

Richard I of England.

  • The great roll of the pipe for the first year of the reign of King Richard the First, A.D. 1189-1190 (1844).[238]  Now first printed from the original in the custody of the Right Hon. the master of the rolls, under the care of the Rev. Joseph Hunter (1783–1861).[239]

Rolle, Richard. Richard Rolle;[240][241][242]

  • The book of the craft of dying, and other early English tracts concerning death (1917).[243] Taken from manuscripts and printed books in the British museum and Bodleian libraries, now first done into modern spelling and edited by Frances Margaret Mary Comper.[244] With a preface by the Rev. George Congreve (1835–1918). Includes a translation of the mediaeval work De arte Moriendi (The craft of dying) and an abridgment by William Caxton; a chapter from the Orologium Sapientiæ, by Henry Suso;[245][246] a chapter from the Toure of all Toures; a fragment from ms. Bod. 423; a chapter from The Form of Living, by Richard Rolle;[240][241][242] and, The lamentation, or complaint, of the dying creature.

Scottish history.

  • Scottish annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286 (1908).[247] By Alan Orr Anderson (1879–1958), a Scottish historian and compiler.[248]
  • Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286 (1922).[249] By A. O. Anderson.

Suso, Henry. Henry Suso;[245][246]

  • The book of the craft of dying, and other early English tracts concerning death (1917).[243] Taken from manuscripts and printed books in the British museum and Bodleian libraries, now first done into modern spelling and edited by Frances Margaret Mary Comper.[244] With a preface by the Rev. George Congreve (1835–1918). Includes a translation of the mediaeval work De arte Moriendi (The craft of dying) and an abridgment by William Caxton; a chapter from the Orologium Sapientiæ, by Henry Suso;[245][246] a chapter from the Toure of all Toures; a fragment from ms. Bod. 423; a chapter from The Form of Living, by Richard Rolle;[240][241][242] and, The lamentation, or complaint, of the dying creature.

Táin bó Cúailnge. Táin bó Cúailnge,

  • Táin bó Cúailnge: The cattle raid of Cualnge (1904).[250] An old Irish prose-epic translated from Leabhar na hUidhre and the Yellow Book of Lecan by Lucy Winifred Faraday (born 1872).[251]
  • The ancient Irish epic tale Táin bó Cúalnge: The Cualnge cattle-raid (1914).[252] Now for the first time done entire into English out of the Irish of the Book of Leinster and allied manuscripts by Joseph Dunn (1872–1951),[253] with two pages in facsimilé of the manuscripts. The story was paraphrased by Mary A. Drummond Hutton in The Táin (1924).[254]

Tallaght monastery. Tallaght monastery

  • Rule of Tallaght (1927),[255] edited by Irish scholar Edward Gwynn (1868–1941). In Hermathena,[256] Volume 44 (1927), second supplement. Includes The rule of Célie-dé.

Tasso, Torquato. Torquato Tasso (1544–1595), an Italian poet. Widely read before the twentieth century, Tasso was at the forefront of Crusader writing for two centuries. Also known as Le Tasse.[257][258]

  • La Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered), 2 volumes (1581). A reinvention of the First Crusade and the struggle between Christianity and Islam, using both Benedetto Accolti's 1464 work De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros..., and available original sources. Tasso lionized Godfrey of Bouillon as the ideal military leader.[259]

Theophilus. Theophilus

  • A homily on the Virgin, by Theophilus, archbishop of Alexandria. In The Coptic manuscripts in the Freer Collection (1923),[260] pp. 249–320 (Coptic), pp. 359–378 (English translation). Edited by William Hoyt Worrell (1879–1952).[261] Published in the University of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series,[262] Volume X (1923), Part 2.

John Trevisa.[263] Bartholomaeus Anglicus. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (before 1203 – 1272), also known as Bartholomew the Englishman, was a member of the Franciscan order and a scholastic of Paris.[264][265]

Tristan.

  • The poetical romances of Tristan in French, in Anglo-Norman and in Greek, composed in the XII and XIII centuries (1835).[269]  Edited by French historian and philologist Francisque Xavier Michel (1809–1887).[270]
  • Medieval narrative: a book of translations (1928)[15] by American medievalist Margaret Schlauch (1898–1986).[16]

Turkish literature. See above.

Gibb, E. John Wilkinson., Browne, E. Granville. (19001909). A history of Ottoman poetry. London: Luzac & co. [Leyden, printed, E.J. Brill].[271]

Wynkyn de Worde (died 1534)[272]. Batman uppon Bartholome, His Booke De Proprietatibus Rerum (1582).[273] Bartholomaeus Anglicus

Carmody, F. J. (Francis James). (1956). Arabic astronomical and astrological sciences in Latin translation: a critical bibliography. Berkeley: University of California Press.[274]

Turpin. Turpin (died 794 or 800), also known as Tilpin or Tulpin, was the bishop of Reims from about 748 until his death. He was for many years regarded as the author of the legendary Historia Caroli Magni. He appears as one of the paladins (twelve peers) of France in the Song of Roland as a warrior-bishop.

  • History of Charles the Great and Orlando (1812).[133] Ascribed to Archibishop Turpin; translated from the Latin in Spanheim's Lives of ecclesiastical writers: together with the most celebrated ancient Spanish ballads relating to the twelve peers of France, mentioned in Don Quixote; with English metrical versions, by Thomas Rodd (1763–1822).[209]

Travelers and Traveling. Works on travel include those below and those found in the Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS),[275] the Hakluyt Society publications,[276] and Hakluytus posthumus (1906).[277]

  • Travellers & travelling in the middle ages (1924). By Edward Leaver Guilford.[278]
  • Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, or, A compleat collection of voyages and travels (1705),[279] by English writer and scientist John Harris (c. 1666 – 1719).[280][281] Revised edition (1744) edited by Scottish author John Campbell (1708–1775).[282][283]
  • A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world, many of which are now first translated into English: digested on a new plan, 17 volumes (1808–1814).[284] Translated by Scottish antiquary John Pinkerton (1758–1826).[285]
  • A general history and collection of voyages and travels to the end of the eighteenth century (1811).[286] By Scottish writer and translator Robert Kerr (1757–1813).[287]

Ulster cycle. Ulster cycle

  • Ancient Irish tales (1936). By Tom Peete Cross (1879–1951) and Clark Harris Stover. Includes the following stories from the Ulster cycle: The birth of Conchobar; The birth of Cu Chulainn; The boyhood deeds of Cu Chulainn; The wooing of Emer; The tragic death of Connla; The sick-bed of Cu Chulainn; The story of Mac Datho's pig; The debility of the Ulstermen; The cattle-raid of Regamna; The intoxication of the Ulstermen; The exile of the sons of Usnech; The adventures of Nera; Bricriu's feast; The cattle-raid of Cooley; The tragic death of Cu Roi Mac Dairi; Death tales of the Ulster heroes; The phantom chariot of the Cu Chulainn.
  • The guesting of Athirne (1914). Edited and translated by Kuno Meyer. In Ériu,[295] Volume VII (1914), pp. 1–9. A story of Athirne, a legendary poet and satirist in the court of Conchobar mac Nessa.
  • Tochmarc Luaine focus Aided Athairne: The wooing of Luaine and death of Athirne (1903). Edited and translated by Whitley Stokes. In Revue celtique,[296] XXIV (1903), pp. 270–287. The story of the demise of Athirne Ailgheasach.
  • Mesca Ulad: or, The intoxication of the Ultonians (1889).[297] An edition of Mesca Ulad, with translation and introductory notes, by Irish scholar William Maunsell Hennessy (1829–1889).[298] In the Todd Lecture Series,[299] I.
  • Tongail bruidne Dá Choca: Da Choca' hostel (1900). Edited and translated by Whitley Stokes. In Revue celtique,[300] XXI (1900), pp. 149–165, 312–327, 388–402. The story of the death of Cormac Cond Longas.
  • Cath Airtig: The battle of Airtech (1916). By Irish scholar Richard Irvine Best (1872–1959).[301] In Ériu,[302] Volume VIII (1916), pp. 170–190. A sequel to Tongail bruidne Dá Choca.
  • Cath Boinde: The battle of the Boyne (1905). By Joseph O'Neill. In Ériu,[303] II (1905), pp. 173–185. An account of the early relations of Conchobar and Medb and Ailill, from the Yellow Book of Lecan.
  • Cath Ruis na Ríg for Bóinn (1892).[304] With preface, translation, and indices. Also a treatise on Irish neuter substantives, and a supplement to the index vocabulorum of Grammatica celtica,[305] by Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856),[306] a German historian and founder of Celtic philology. By Irish Jesuit scholar Edmund Ignatius Hogan (1831–1917).[307] Story of the battle of Rosnaree on the Boyne, after the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Two versions, one from the Book of Leinster, one from Stowe ms. E.IV.3. In the Todd Lecture Series,[308] 4.
  • Tongail bruidne Dá Derga: The destruction of Dá Derga's hostel (1902).[309] An edition of Tongail bruidne Dá Derga. Edited with translation and glossarial index by Whitley Stokes. Also in Revue celtique,[310] XXII (1900) and Epic and saga (1910).[311]
  • De sil Chonairi Móir (1912). Translated and edited by Lucius Gwynn. In Ériu,[312] Volume VI (1912), pp. 130–143. The birth and fosterage of Conaire Mór, killed in the destruction of Dá Derga's hostel.

Vercelli Book. Vercelli Book[313]

  • The poems of Cynewulf (1910).[314] Translated into English prose by Charles W. Kennedy (1882–1969). With an introduction, bibliography, and facsimile of the Vercelli ms.[315]

Welsh literature.




Chronicon Andrense. Chronicon Andrense is a 13th century chronicle of the abbey of Saint-Médard d'Andres, situated in the Pas-de-Calais, written by abbot William of Andres (c. 1177 – 1234).[323][324]

  • William of Andres, The Chronicle of Andres (2017). Translated, with an introduction and notes, by Leah Shopkow.[325][326]



Translations (Supplement):

Ambrosius. Saint Ambrose, born Aurelius Ambrosius (c. 340 – 397), was the bishop of Milan and an influential ecclesiastical figure of the 4th century.[327]

  • Select works and letters of St. Ambrose (1896). Translated by the Rev. H. De Romestin[328] and the Rev. Henry Thomas Forbes Duckworth (1868–1927).[329] In the Select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church, Second series, Volume X (1896).[330]
  • Bibliography of works by St. Ambrose.[331][332]

Apocrypha of the New Testament, Gospels (Individual Gospels). Gospels originally referred to the Christian message, but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. And so, a gospel is defined as a episodic narrative of the words and deeds of Jesus of Nazareth, culminating in his trial and death, and concluding with reports of his post-resurrection appearances.[333][334]

Apostolic Fathers. The Apostolic Fathers were the Christian theologians among the Church Fathers who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, who are believed to have personally known some of the Twelve Apostles, or to have been influenced by them to the extent that their writings reflect genuine Apostolic teaching.[335]

  • The genuine epistles of the Apostolic fathers (1834).[336] Concerning St. Clement, St. Polycarp, St. Ignatius, St. Barnabas; the Shepherd of Hermas, and the martyrdoms of St. Ignatius and St. Polycarp, written by those who were present at their sufferings. Translated by William Wake (1657–1737),[337][338] archbishop of Canterbury, with preliminary discourses relating to the several treatises here put together by the same author. Arranged by William Adams (1706–1789),[339] master of Pembroke. To which is added biographical notices, abridged from Lives of the most eminent fathers of the church that flourished in the first four centuries (1683)[340] by William Cave (1637–1713).[341][342]

Apostolical Constitutions. The Apostolic Constitutions (Constitutions of the Holy Apostles) is a collection of eight treatises which belongs to the ancient church order offering authoritative apostolic prescriptions on matters of moral conduct, liturgy and Church organization.[343]

  • Primitive christianity reviv'd in four volumes (1712).[344][345] By English theologian and historian William Whiston(1667–1752).[346] Containing: Volume I. The larger Epistles of Ignatius; Volume II. The Apostolical constitutions; Volume III. An essay on those constitutions; Volume IV. An account of the primitive faith concerning the Trinity and incarnation. Volumes II and III reprinted in the works by I. Chase, R. Wedgwood and J. Donaldson below.
  • The work claiming to be the constitutions of the holy apostles, including the canons, Whiston's version (1848).[347]Translated by American clergyman Irah Chase (1793–1864).[348]
  • Primitive Christianity (1851).[349] By R. Wedgwood. The constitutions or decrees of the Holy Apostles; being the commandments or ordinances given to them by the Lord Jesus Christ, for the establishment and government of His kingdom on the earth.
  • Apostolical constitutions (1870). Edited by Scottish classical scholar Sir James Donaldson (1831–1915).[350] In the Ante-Nicene Christian library, VII.

Arabic literature.

  • Ahlwardt, W. (Wilhelm)., Imruʼ al-Qays, 4., ʻAlqamah ibn ʻAbadah, a. 6th century., Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmá., Ṭarafah ibn al-ʻAbd., ʻAntarah ibn Shaddād, a. 6th century., Nābighah al-Dhubyānī, a. 6th century. (1870).The divans of the six ancient Arabic poets Ennābiga, ʻAntara, Tharafa, Zuhair, ʻAlqama and Imruulqais: chiefly according to the MSS. of Paris, Gotha, and Leyden and the collection of their fragments with a list of the various readings of the text. London: Trübner.[351] By German Orientalist Wilhelm Ahlwardt.
  • The Díwán Hammásah: a selection of Arabic poems (1856).[92] By Kabir al-Din Ahmad and Ghulam Rabbani. Kitab Hamasah. The Kitab al-Hamasah is a 10-book anthology of Arabic poetry compiled by Arab poet 'Abū Tammām (c. 796/807 – 850).[89] See also Specimens of pre-Islamitic Arabic poetry, selected and translated from the Hamasah (1881). By Hungarian orientalist Edward Rehatsek (1819–1891).[90] In the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,[91] XV (1881–1882), pp. 65–108.

Arthurian legend. The legend of King Arthur consumes a great deal of English literature, and is closely associated with the Matter of Britain (Matière de Bretagne), the body of Medieval literature of the legendary kings of Great Britain and Brittany. As noted by Keary, the bibliography of the historic Arthur is small, but that of the mythic Arthur is almost infinite. Some translations include the following (see also Thomas Malory).

  • Arthur and Gorlagon (1904). Translated from a 14th-century Latin manuscript by F. A. Milne, with notes by British publisher Alfred Trübner Nutt (1856–1910), who wrote about folklore and Celtic studies. In Folklore, XV (1904), pp. 40–67.
  • The presumed exhumation of Arthur and Guinevere (1912). An unpublished Welsh account based on Giraldus Cambrensis (c. 1146 – c. 1223), historian and archdeacon of Brecon. Edited and translated by Timothy Lewis and James Douglas Bruce (1862–1923). In Revue celtique, XXXIII (1912), pp. 432–451.
  • The evolution of Arthurian romance from the beginnings down to the year 1300 (1928). By J. D. Bruce.
  • A Welsh version of the birth of Arthur (1913). From a fifteenth century manuscript, edited and translated by J. H. Davies. In Y Cymmrodor, XXIV (1913), pp. 247–264.
  • Bibliography of works about King Arthur.

Athanasius of Alexandria. Athanasius of Alexandria (296/298 – 373) was 20th bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I).[352][353]

  • Select writings of Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria. (1892). Edited, with prolegomena, indices and tables by Archibald Thomas Robertson (1863–1934).[354] In Select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church, Second series,[355] Volume IV (1892). The most complete collection of works of Athanasius.
  • Historical tracts of S. Athanasius, Archbishop of Alexandria (1843).[356] Translated by English cleric Miles Atkinson(1741–1811),[357] with notes and indices. Edited by Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801–1890).[358]
  • A library of fathers of the holy Catholic church: anterior to the division of the East and West (1838-1881).[359]Volumes VIII, XIX: Select treatises in controversy with the Arians, Parts 1 and 2 (1842), translated by John Henry Newman (1801–1890).[360][361] Volume XIII: Historical tracts (1843), translated by M. Atkinson. Volume XXXVIII: The festal epistles (1854), translated by Henry Burgess (1808–1886).[362] Volume LXVI: Later treatises of S. Athanasius, Archbishop of Alexandria, with notes: and an appendix on S. Cyril of Alexandia and Theodoret (1881), translated by William Bright (1824–1901).[363]

Aucassin and Nicolette. Aucassin and Nicolette is a translation of an anonymous 12th or 13th century French story Aucassin et Nicolette, an example of a chantefable (sung story), a combination of prose and verse.[364]

  • Aucassin and Nicolette: the lovers of Provence (1880).[365] A ms. song-story of the twelfth century, rendered into modern French by illustrator and translator Alexandre Bida (1813–1895).[366] Translated into English verse and prose by A. Rodney Macdonough.[367]
  • Aucassin and Nicolette (1910).[368] Done into English by Andrew Lang (1844-–1912).[369]

Augustine of Hippo. Augustine of Hippo (354–430), also known as Saint Augustine or Aurelius Augustine, was a theologian, philosopher, and the bishop of Hippo Regius.[370][371]

  • The works of Aurelius Augustine (1872–1876).[372] Edited by Marcus Dods (1834–1909).[373] Translated by: M. Dods; John Richard King (1835–1907); Robert Ernest Wallis (1820–1900); J. G. Pilkington; James Innes (1832–1894); John Gibb (1835–1915); S. D. F. Salmond (1838–1905) William Findlay (born 1830); Arthur West Haddan (1816–1873); John George Cunningham (born 1835); Richard Stothert (1833–1898); and Peter Holmes (1815–1878).
  • Augustine of Hippo Bibliography.[374]

Basil of Caesarea. Basil of Caesarea (Basilius or Saint Basil the Great) (330– 379), was a Greek bishop of Caesarea Mazaca.[375][376]

  • The treatise De spiritual sancta, the nine homilies of the Hexaemeron and the letters of Saint Basil the Great, Archbishop of Cæsarea (1895). Translated with note by the Rev. Blomfield Jackson. In the Select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church (1895),[377] Second series, Volume VIII.
  • Bibliography of works by Basil of Caesarea.

Bede. Bede (672/673 – 735), also known as the Venerable Bede, was an English Benedictine monk, well known as an author, teacher and scholar. His most famous work was the Ecclesiastical History of the English People.[378][379][380]

  • The complete works of Venerable Bede (1843–1844).[381] Iin the original Latin, collated with the manuscripts, and various printed editions, accompanied by a new English translation of the historical works, and a life of the author. By English historian Rev. John Allen Giles (1808–1884).[382]
  • The historical works of Venerable Bede (1845).[383] Translated from the Latin by J. A. Giles.
  • List of works by Bede.

Beowulf. Beowulf is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend and is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature.[384] It is known for the difficulty in translating Beowulf.

  • The Anglo-Saxon poems of Beowulf, the travellers song and the battle of Finnesburh (1833).[385]  Edited [together with a glossary of the more difficult words and an historical preface] by English scholar and historian John Mitchell Kemble (1807–1857).[386][387]
  • Beowulf: an epic poem (1849).[388] Translated from the Anglo-Saxon into English verse by Athanasius Francis Diedrich Wackerbarth (1813–1884).[389]
  • The Anglo-Saxon poems of Beowulf, the Scôp or gleeman's tale, and the fight at Finnesburg (1855).[390]  With a literal translation, notes, glossary, etc., by English scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature Benjamin Thorpe (1782–1870).[391][392]
  • Beowulf: a Heroic Poem of the Eighth Century (1876).[393] With a translation, notes and an appendix, by English educator and historian Thomas Arnold (1823–1900).[394]
  • Beowulf: an old English poem (1881).[395] Translated into modern rhymes by Liuet. Colonel Henry William Lumsden.[396]
  • Beowulf,  an Anglo-Saxon epic poem (1897).[397]  translated from the Heyne-Socin text, by John Lesslie Hall(1856–1928).[398]
  • Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg (1901). By English scholar of Old English John Richard Clark Hall (1851–1931).[399] See 1940 edition below.
  • Beowulf; a metrical translation into modern English (1912).[400] By John R. Clark Hall.
  • Beowulf and The fight at Finnsburg (1922).[401] Edited, with introduction, bibliography, notes, glossary, and appendices, by German philologist Frederick J. Klaeber (1863–1954).[402]
  • Beowulf and the Finnesburg fragment: a translation into modern English prose (1940).[403] Translated with an introducation and notes by John R. Clark Hall. New edition revised by Charles Leslie Wrenn (1895–1969) and prefatory notes by J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973). The text translated is that of Fr. Klaeber.
  • List of translations of Beowulf.[404]

Bernard of Clairvaux. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the Order of Cistercians.[405][406]



























See also

References

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