Unearthed Arcana

The original Unearthed Arcana was written by Gary Gygax with design and editing contributions by Jeff Grubb and Kim Mohan, respectively, and published by TSR in 1985.^[2]: 128 Gygax reportedly produced the book to raise money as TSR was deeply in debt at the time.^[3] He announced in the March 1985 issue of Dragon magazine that Unearthed Arcana would be released in the summer of that year. He proposed the book as "an interim volume to expand the Dungeon Masters Guide and Players Handbook", as the information was spread out in several places and difficult to keep track of.^[4] Unearthed Arcana was to include material previously published in Dragon, written by Gygax and updated and revised for the book. The book would also contain previously unpublished material, some of it written by other contributors to Dragon.^[4] According to British writer Paul Cockburn, some of the material in Unearthed Arcana had been previously published in Imagine magazine.^[5]

The original Unearthed Arcana contains errors in its text, which readers discovered and reported to Dragon magazine.^[6] Even some positive reviews of the book pointed out the considerable number of mistakes.^[7] Dragon editor Kim Mohan, with ideas from Gygax, Frank Mentzer, and Jeff Grubb, addressed the many errors found in the book. In the November 1985 issue of Dragon magazine, Mohan printed four pages of rules corrections as well as new supplementary material intended to be inserted into the book, and some explanations and justifications for items which were not actually errors,^[6] and compiled a two-page list of type corrections meant to be pasted into further revisions of Unearthed Arcana.^[8] Dragon also devoted the entirety of its "Sage Advice" column in the January 1987 issue to answering readers' questions about Unearthed Arcana, as a follow-up to Mohan's prior column.^[9] However, the errata were not incorporated into later printings of the manual.^[10]

In 1999, a paperback reprint of the first edition was released.^[11]

Wizards of the Coast reproduced the original Unearthed Arcana in a premium edition featuring gilded pages, released on February 19, 2013, following the premium reprints of the original 1st Edition Player's Handbook, Dungeon Masters Guide, and Monster Manual.^[12] This reprint is the first printing of the book to be modified using the errata previously published in Dragon magazine incorporated into the corrected text.^[13]

The 128-page Unearthed Arcana was written for use with the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons first edition rules and was divided into two sections: one for players and one for the Dungeon Master (or "DM", the game organizer).^[2][14] The book provided new races, classes, and other expansion material. The book gives details on using "subraces" of the standard races, such as dark elves (drow), and deep gnomes (svirfneblin), for use as player characters and non-player characters.

Unearthed Arcana includes the barbarian (found in Dragon #63^[15]), cavalier (found in Dragon #72^[16]), and thief-acrobat (found in Dragon #69^[17]) character classes,^[4][5] and also includes expansions and revisions for the druid and ranger character classes.^[4] The book presents new options for character races, including the drow and svirfneblin.^[5] The book includes new weapons, and revised information on maximum character levels for non-human player characters.^[4] Unearthed Arcana details the weapon specialization rules, in which a fighter or ranger "can adopt a weapon as a special arm, and receive bonuses in its use".^[5] The book also describes the comeliness attribute, and contains new spells.^[5] The section for the Dungeon Master includes suggestions for handling player characters, tables for social class and rank, new magic items, rules for combat without weapons, and gods for nonhumans.^[14]

By 1985, Gygax was planning a second edition for the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) rules, with his intention to begin work on this in 1986. He intended to incorporate material from Unearthed Arcana, Oriental Adventures, and the original Players Handbook into the new edition's Players Handbook.^[18] Gygax used his work on the book to explore ideas for the new edition, such as changing the mechanics for hit dice (the measurement of a character's "health" in the game), and changing the mechanics to allow the game system to work with other genres, and to allow characters to have skills that complement the character classes.^[19] Shortly after announcing his intentions for second edition, Gygax was removed as TSR's president and chairman of the board. In 1986, he resigned entirely from TSR, leaving further direction of Dungeons & Dragons to other designers.^[20]

The designers of second edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons removed material from the original Players Handbook in the new edition, as well as much of the new material that had appeared in Unearthed Arcana, which they considered to be "unbalanced".^[21] The book had five printings after the release of AD&D 2nd edition with the last printing published two years after the new edition was released.^[10]

The second book to use the name Unearthed Arcana was written by Andy Collins, Jesse Decker, David Noonan, and Rich Redman, and published in February 2004 by Wizards of the Coast, for use with the Dungeons & Dragons third edition rules.^[22] Cover art was by Matt Cavotta, with interior art by Steven Belledin, Ed Cox, Wayne England, Emily Fiegenschuh, David Hudnut, Jeremy Jarvis, Doug Kovacs, John and Laura Lakey, David Martin, Dennis Crabapple McClain, Mark Nelson, James Pavelec, Steve Prescott, David Roach, Richard Sardinha, Ron Spencer, Stephen Tappin, Joel Thomas, and Ben Thompson.^[22]

The designers intended the book for experienced players and Dungeons Masters who wanted something new, encouraging them to customize the game's rules. The designers did not want the third edition book to be like the original Unearthed Arcana mechanically, because according to Andy Collins: "Every book on the market looks like the original Unearthed Arcana. New classes, new spells, new magic items - that's the default "recipe" for a d20 product these days. We saw no need to do that with this book."^[23] Where the original Unearthed Arcana had simply expanded the rules and options of the core game, this 224-page supplement was aimed at providing an extensive list of variant rules and options to change the standard game itself.^[23] The volume of options added was intentionally excessive; according to the designers, a Dungeon Master who reads the book must be prepared to "Drink from the fire hose"^[22]: 4 and to think before using options that may radically imbalance the game.^[23] The book ends with a checklist of the included variants, preceded by a short chapter discussing ways of transitioning among multiple games using different rulesets (one of which explicitly emulates the "Eternal Champion" stories of Michael Moorcock).

The Unearthed Arcana title has been used for a semi-regular series of digital releases at the official D&D website that began in February 2015; the series presents new, work-in-progress content such as class archetypes, playable races, and rule variants, similar to the playtest process that preceded the release of 5th edition.^[24][25][26] Much of the information in Xanathar's Guide to Everything (2017)^[25] and Tasha's Cauldron of Everything (2020) was developed through the public Unearthed Arcana playtest.^[27] On the playtest subclasses developed for Tasha’s Cauldron of Everything, Jeremy Crawford said "almost every single one made it into the game".^[27] Starting in January 2018, Unearthed Arcana content was generally added to D&D Beyond approximately one week after it was released on the official D&D website.^[28][29] Once the playtest period has concluded for Unearthed Arcana content (whether it is published in a book or retired, as determined by Wizards of the Coast), it is archived on D&D Beyond; existing character sheets already using the content are able to continue doing so, but the archived playtest content can not be newly added to a character.^[28]

Since August 2022^[update], Unearthed Arcana articles have featured One D&D playtest material with releases now exclusive to D&D Beyond.^[30][31][32] In August 2023, Crawford stated that since originally launching Unearthed Arcana they have "received more than 500,000 surveys from players based on their time spent with the" playtest content.^[33]

Reaction to the Unearthed Arcana hardcover was often critical. According to Lawrence Schick, in his 1991 book Heroic Worlds, "Many players regard the new character classes introduced in this volume as overly powerful and out of line with those in the Player's Handbook."^[14]

Paul Cockburn reviewed the original Unearthed Arcana in issue 73 of White Dwarf magazine (January 1986), rating it 4 out of 10 overall. He summed up the book's contents by calling them "A rules extension package of reprints, most of which add very little of interest or value to anybody's game."^[5]

William B. Haddon's review of the third edition Unearthed Arcana on RPGnet lauded the book's content while criticizing the interest level of the content as "very flat". He found the power level unbalanced for each of the new sub-systems introduced, and found little in the suggested rules that he wanted to use.^[152]

Viktor Coble listed Unearthed Arcana as #10 on CBR's 2021 "D&D: 10 Best Supplemental Handbooks" list, stating that "If there is ever a supplemental guide to include in a player's library, it's any of the "Unearthed Arcana" editions. They're by far one of the most useful handbooks D&D ever puts out, and are rarely a regretted addition."^[153]

James Maliszewski for Black Gate in 2014 said "Unearthed Arcana was a game changer by being something I didn't want. Or perhaps I should say that it simply failed to be what I hoped it would be. Even now, I'm not entirely sure what it was that I hoped the book would be. I know only that I once loved D&D without ceasing and, by the time, Unearthed Arcana came out, I no longer did. It would take years before I loved it again with the same passion I did in those heady early days. It's unfair to lay the blame for that on Unearthed Arcana, even though I did for years afterwards."^[154]

Scott Taylor of Black Gate listed the Unearthed Arcana as #3 on the list of "Top 10 'Orange Spine' AD&D Hardcovers By Jeff Easley, saying "Truly one of the most iconic wizard images EVER! How many times has this been ripped off?"^[155]