Thermidor

Thermidor (French pronunciation: [tɛʁmidɔʁ]) was the eleventh month in the French Republican calendar. The month was named after the French word thermal, derived from the Greek word thermos 'heat'.

Thermidor was the second month of the summer quarter (mois d'été). It started July 19 or 20. It ended August 17 or 18. It follows Messidor and precedes Fructidor. During Year 2, it was sometimes called Fervidor.

Because of the Thermidorian Reaction—9 Thermidor Year II—the overthrow of revolutionary radical Maximilien Robespierre and his followers in that month, the word "Thermidor" has come to mean a retreat from more radical goals and strategies during a revolution, especially when caused by a replacement of leading personalities.

3ThermidorIII
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Sunday
19 July 1795
2Monday
20 July 1795
3Tuesday
21 July 1795
4Wednesday
22 July 1795
5Thursday
23 July 1795
6Friday
24 July 1795
7Saturday
25 July 1795
8Sunday
26 July 1795
9Monday
27 July 1795
10Tuesday
28 July 1795
décade 32
11Wednesday
29 July 1795
12Thursday
30 July 1795
13Friday
31 July 1795
14Saturday
1 August 1795
15Sunday
2 August 1795
16Monday
3 August 1795
17Tuesday
4 August 1795
18Wednesday
5 August 1795
19Thursday
6 August 1795
20Friday
7 August 1795
décade 33
21Saturday
8 August 1795
22Sunday
9 August 1795
23Monday
10 August 1795
24Tuesday
11 August 1795
25Wednesday
12 August 1795
26Thursday
13 August 1795
27Friday
14 August 1795
28Saturday
15 August 1795
29Sunday
16 August 1795
30Monday
17 August 1795
10 h
Paris
1h64m39s
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich


Conversion between Republican and Gregorian calendar for the years I - XIV
1ThermidorI
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Friday
19 July 1793
2Saturday
20 July 1793
3Sunday
21 July 1793
4Monday
22 July 1793
5Tuesday
23 July 1793
6Wednesday
24 July 1793
7Thursday
25 July 1793
8Friday
26 July 1793
9Saturday
27 July 1793
10Sunday
28 July 1793
décade 32
11Monday
29 July 1793
12Tuesday
30 July 1793
13Wednesday
31 July 1793
14Thursday
1 August 1793
15Friday
2 August 1793
16Saturday
3 August 1793
17Sunday
4 August 1793
18Monday
5 August 1793
19Tuesday
6 August 1793
20Wednesday
7 August 1793
décade 33
21Thursday
8 August 1793
22Friday
9 August 1793
23Saturday
10 August 1793
24Sunday
11 August 1793
25Monday
12 August 1793
26Tuesday
13 August 1793
27Wednesday
14 August 1793
28Thursday
15 August 1793
29Friday
16 August 1793
30Saturday
17 August 1793
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
2ThermidorII
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Saturday
19 July 1794
2Sunday
20 July 1794
3Monday
21 July 1794
4Tuesday
22 July 1794
5Wednesday
23 July 1794
6Thursday
24 July 1794
7Friday
25 July 1794
8Saturday
26 July 1794
9Sunday
27 July 1794
10Monday
28 July 1794
décade 32
11Tuesday
29 July 1794
12Wednesday
30 July 1794
13Thursday
31 July 1794
14Friday
1 August 1794
15Saturday
2 August 1794
16Sunday
3 August 1794
17Monday
4 August 1794
18Tuesday
5 August 1794
19Wednesday
6 August 1794
20Thursday
7 August 1794
décade 33
21Friday
8 August 1794
22Saturday
9 August 1794
23Sunday
10 August 1794
24Monday
11 August 1794
25Tuesday
12 August 1794
26Wednesday
13 August 1794
27Thursday
14 August 1794
28Friday
15 August 1794
29Saturday
16 August 1794
30Sunday
17 August 1794
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
3ThermidorIII
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Sunday
19 July 1795
2Monday
20 July 1795
3Tuesday
21 July 1795
4Wednesday
22 July 1795
5Thursday
23 July 1795
6Friday
24 July 1795
7Saturday
25 July 1795
8Sunday
26 July 1795
9Monday
27 July 1795
10Tuesday
28 July 1795
décade 32
11Wednesday
29 July 1795
12Thursday
30 July 1795
13Friday
31 July 1795
14Saturday
1 August 1795
15Sunday
2 August 1795
16Monday
3 August 1795
17Tuesday
4 August 1795
18Wednesday
5 August 1795
19Thursday
6 August 1795
20Friday
7 August 1795
décade 33
21Saturday
8 August 1795
22Sunday
9 August 1795
23Monday
10 August 1795
24Tuesday
11 August 1795
25Wednesday
12 August 1795
26Thursday
13 August 1795
27Friday
14 August 1795
28Saturday
15 August 1795
29Sunday
16 August 1795
30Monday
17 August 1795
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
4ThermidorIV
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Tuesday
19 July 1796
2Wednesday
20 July 1796
3Thursday
21 July 1796
4Friday
22 July 1796
5Saturday
23 July 1796
6Sunday
24 July 1796
7Monday
25 July 1796
8Tuesday
26 July 1796
9Wednesday
27 July 1796
10Thursday
28 July 1796
décade 32
11Friday
29 July 1796
12Saturday
30 July 1796
13Sunday
31 July 1796
14Monday
1 August 1796
15Tuesday
2 August 1796
16Wednesday
3 August 1796
17Thursday
4 August 1796
18Friday
5 August 1796
19Saturday
6 August 1796
20Sunday
7 August 1796
décade 33
21Monday
8 August 1796
22Tuesday
9 August 1796
23Wednesday
10 August 1796
24Thursday
11 August 1796
25Friday
12 August 1796
26Saturday
13 August 1796
27Sunday
14 August 1796
28Monday
15 August 1796
29Tuesday
16 August 1796
30Wednesday
17 August 1796
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
5ThermidorV
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Wednesday
19 July 1797
2Thursday
20 July 1797
3Friday
21 July 1797
4Saturday
22 July 1797
5Sunday
23 July 1797
6Monday
24 July 1797
7Tuesday
25 July 1797
8Wednesday
26 July 1797
9Thursday
27 July 1797
10Friday
28 July 1797
décade 32
11Saturday
29 July 1797
12Sunday
30 July 1797
13Monday
31 July 1797
14Tuesday
1 August 1797
15Wednesday
2 August 1797
16Thursday
3 August 1797
17Friday
4 August 1797
18Saturday
5 August 1797
19Sunday
6 August 1797
20Monday
7 August 1797
décade 33
21Tuesday
8 August 1797
22Wednesday
9 August 1797
23Thursday
10 August 1797
24Friday
11 August 1797
25Saturday
12 August 1797
26Sunday
13 August 1797
27Monday
14 August 1797
28Tuesday
15 August 1797
29Wednesday
16 August 1797
30Thursday
17 August 1797
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
6ThermidorVI
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Thursday
19 July 1798
2Friday
20 July 1798
3Saturday
21 July 1798
4Sunday
22 July 1798
5Monday
23 July 1798
6Tuesday
24 July 1798
7Wednesday
25 July 1798
8Thursday
26 July 1798
9Friday
27 July 1798
10Saturday
28 July 1798
décade 32
11Sunday
29 July 1798
12Monday
30 July 1798
13Tuesday
31 July 1798
14Wednesday
1 August 1798
15Thursday
2 August 1798
16Friday
3 August 1798
17Saturday
4 August 1798
18Sunday
5 August 1798
19Monday
6 August 1798
20Tuesday
7 August 1798
décade 33
21Wednesday
8 August 1798
22Thursday
9 August 1798
23Friday
10 August 1798
24Saturday
11 August 1798
25Sunday
12 August 1798
26Monday
13 August 1798
27Tuesday
14 August 1798
28Wednesday
15 August 1798
29Thursday
16 August 1798
30Friday
17 August 1798
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
7ThermidorVII
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Friday
19 July 1799
2Saturday
20 July 1799
3Sunday
21 July 1799
4Monday
22 July 1799
5Tuesday
23 July 1799
6Wednesday
24 July 1799
7Thursday
25 July 1799
8Friday
26 July 1799
9Saturday
27 July 1799
10Sunday
28 July 1799
décade 32
11Monday
29 July 1799
12Tuesday
30 July 1799
13Wednesday
31 July 1799
14Thursday
1 August 1799
15Friday
2 August 1799
16Saturday
3 August 1799
17Sunday
4 August 1799
18Monday
5 August 1799
19Tuesday
6 August 1799
20Wednesday
7 August 1799
décade 33
21Thursday
8 August 1799
22Friday
9 August 1799
23Saturday
10 August 1799
24Sunday
11 August 1799
25Monday
12 August 1799
26Tuesday
13 August 1799
27Wednesday
14 August 1799
28Thursday
15 August 1799
29Friday
16 August 1799
30Saturday
17 August 1799
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
8ThermidorVIII
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Sunday
20 July 1800
2Monday
21 July 1800
3Tuesday
22 July 1800
4Wednesday
23 July 1800
5Thursday
24 July 1800
6Friday
25 July 1800
7Saturday
26 July 1800
8Sunday
27 July 1800
9Monday
28 July 1800
10Tuesday
29 July 1800
décade 32
11Wednesday
30 July 1800
12Thursday
31 July 1800
13Friday
1 August 1800
14Saturday
2 August 1800
15Sunday
3 August 1800
16Monday
4 August 1800
17Tuesday
5 August 1800
18Wednesday
6 August 1800
19Thursday
7 August 1800
20Friday
8 August 1800
décade 33
21Saturday
9 August 1800
22Sunday
10 August 1800
23Monday
11 August 1800
24Tuesday
12 August 1800
25Wednesday
13 August 1800
26Thursday
14 August 1800
27Friday
15 August 1800
28Saturday
16 August 1800
29Sunday
17 August 1800
30Monday
18 August 1800
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
9ThermidorIX
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Monday
20 July 1801
2Tuesday
21 July 1801
3Wednesday
22 July 1801
4Thursday
23 July 1801
5Friday
24 July 1801
6Saturday
25 July 1801
7Sunday
26 July 1801
8Monday
27 July 1801
9Tuesday
28 July 1801
10Wednesday
29 July 1801
décade 32
11Thursday
30 July 1801
12Friday
31 July 1801
13Saturday
1 August 1801
14Sunday
2 August 1801
15Monday
3 August 1801
16Tuesday
4 August 1801
17Wednesday
5 August 1801
18Thursday
6 August 1801
19Friday
7 August 1801
20Saturday
8 August 1801
décade 33
21Sunday
9 August 1801
22Monday
10 August 1801
23Tuesday
11 August 1801
24Wednesday
12 August 1801
25Thursday
13 August 1801
26Friday
14 August 1801
27Saturday
15 August 1801
28Sunday
16 August 1801
29Monday
17 August 1801
30Tuesday
18 August 1801
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
10ThermidorX
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Tuesday
20 July 1802
2Wednesday
21 July 1802
3Thursday
22 July 1802
4Friday
23 July 1802
5Saturday
24 July 1802
6Sunday
25 July 1802
7Monday
26 July 1802
8Tuesday
27 July 1802
9Wednesday
28 July 1802
10Thursday
29 July 1802
décade 32
11Friday
30 July 1802
12Saturday
31 July 1802
13Sunday
1 August 1802
14Monday
2 August 1802
15Tuesday
3 August 1802
16Wednesday
4 August 1802
17Thursday
5 August 1802
18Friday
6 August 1802
19Saturday
7 August 1802
20Sunday
8 August 1802
décade 33
21Monday
9 August 1802
22Tuesday
10 August 1802
23Wednesday
11 August 1802
24Thursday
12 August 1802
25Friday
13 August 1802
26Saturday
14 August 1802
27Sunday
15 August 1802
28Monday
16 August 1802
29Tuesday
17 August 1802
30Wednesday
18 August 1802
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
11ThermidorXI
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Wednesday
20 July 1803
2Thursday
21 July 1803
3Friday
22 July 1803
4Saturday
23 July 1803
5Sunday
24 July 1803
6Monday
25 July 1803
7Tuesday
26 July 1803
8Wednesday
27 July 1803
9Thursday
28 July 1803
10Friday
29 July 1803
décade 32
11Saturday
30 July 1803
12Sunday
31 July 1803
13Monday
1 August 1803
14Tuesday
2 August 1803
15Wednesday
3 August 1803
16Thursday
4 August 1803
17Friday
5 August 1803
18Saturday
6 August 1803
19Sunday
7 August 1803
20Monday
8 August 1803
décade 33
21Tuesday
9 August 1803
22Wednesday
10 August 1803
23Thursday
11 August 1803
24Friday
12 August 1803
25Saturday
13 August 1803
26Sunday
14 August 1803
27Monday
15 August 1803
28Tuesday
16 August 1803
29Wednesday
17 August 1803
30Thursday
18 August 1803
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
12ThermidorXII
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Friday
20 July 1804
2Saturday
21 July 1804
3Sunday
22 July 1804
4Monday
23 July 1804
5Tuesday
24 July 1804
6Wednesday
25 July 1804
7Thursday
26 July 1804
8Friday
27 July 1804
9Saturday
28 July 1804
10Sunday
29 July 1804
décade 32
11Monday
30 July 1804
12Tuesday
31 July 1804
13Wednesday
1 August 1804
14Thursday
2 August 1804
15Friday
3 August 1804
16Saturday
4 August 1804
17Sunday
5 August 1804
18Monday
6 August 1804
19Tuesday
7 August 1804
20Wednesday
8 August 1804
décade 33
21Thursday
9 August 1804
22Friday
10 August 1804
23Saturday
11 August 1804
24Sunday
12 August 1804
25Monday
13 August 1804
26Tuesday
14 August 1804
27Wednesday
15 August 1804
28Thursday
16 August 1804
29Friday
17 August 1804
30Saturday
18 August 1804
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
13ThermidorXIII
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Saturday
20 July 1805
2Sunday
21 July 1805
3Monday
22 July 1805
4Tuesday
23 July 1805
5Wednesday
24 July 1805
6Thursday
25 July 1805
7Friday
26 July 1805
8Saturday
27 July 1805
9Sunday
28 July 1805
10Monday
29 July 1805
décade 32
11Tuesday
30 July 1805
12Wednesday
31 July 1805
13Thursday
1 August 1805
14Friday
2 August 1805
15Saturday
3 August 1805
16Sunday
4 August 1805
17Monday
5 August 1805
18Tuesday
6 August 1805
19Wednesday
7 August 1805
20Thursday
8 August 1805
décade 33
21Friday
9 August 1805
22Saturday
10 August 1805
23Sunday
11 August 1805
24Monday
12 August 1805
25Tuesday
13 August 1805
26Wednesday
14 August 1805
27Thursday
15 August 1805
28Friday
16 August 1805
29Saturday
17 August 1805
30Sunday
18 August 1805
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich
14ThermidorXIV
 
Primidi
Duodi
Tridi
Quartidi
Quintidi
Sextidi
Septidi
Octidi
Nonidi
Décadi
décade 31
1Sunday
20 July 1806
2Monday
21 July 1806
3Tuesday
22 July 1806
4Wednesday
23 July 1806
5Thursday
24 July 1806
6Friday
25 July 1806
7Saturday
26 July 1806
8Sunday
27 July 1806
9Monday
28 July 1806
10Tuesday
29 July 1806
décade 32
11Wednesday
30 July 1806
12Thursday
31 July 1806
13Friday
1 August 1806
14Saturday
2 August 1806
15Sunday
3 August 1806
16Monday
4 August 1806
17Tuesday
5 August 1806
18Wednesday
6 August 1806
19Thursday
7 August 1806
20Friday
8 August 1806
décade 33
21Saturday
9 August 1806
22Sunday
10 August 1806
23Monday
11 August 1806
24Tuesday
12 August 1806
25Wednesday
13 August 1806
26Thursday
14 August 1806
27Friday
15 August 1806
28Saturday
16 August 1806
29Sunday
17 August 1806
30Monday
18 August 1806
10 h
Paris
1:57:90
Thermidor
Thermidor
03:47:23
24 h
Greenwich

Day name table

Like all French Republican Calendar months, Thermidor lasted 30 days and was divided into three 10-day weeks called décades (decades). Every day had the name of an agricultural plant, except the 5th (Quintidi) and 10th day (Decadi) of every decade, which had the name of a domestic animal or an agricultural tool, respectively.

 1re Décade2e Décade3e Décade
Primidi1.Epeautre (Spelt)11.Panic (Eryngo)21.Carline (Silver Thistle)
Duodi2.Bouillon blanc (Mullein)12.Salicor (Glasswort)22.Caprier (Caper)
Tridi3.Melon (Melon)13.Abricot (Apricot)23.Lentille (Lentil)
Quartidi4.Ivraie (Ryegrass)14.Basilic (Basil)24.Aunée (Elecampane)
Quintidi5.Bélier (Ram)15.Brebis (Ewe)25.Loutre (Otter)
Sextidi6.Prêle (Horsetail)16.Guimauve (Marsh Mallow)26.Myrthe (Myrtle)
Septidi7.Armoise (Mugwort)17.Lin (Flax)27.Colza (Rapeseed)
Octidi8.Carthame (Safflower)18.Amande (Almond)28.Lupin (Lupin)
Nonidi9.Mûre (Blackberry)19.Genthiane (Gentian)29.Coton (Cotton)
Decadi10.Arrosoir (Watering Can)20.Écluse (Lock)30.Moulin (Mill)

Conversion table

Table for conversion between Republican and Gregorian Calendar
for the month "Thermidor"
I.II.III.IV.V.VI.VII.
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
192021222324252627282930311234567891011121314151617
July1793179417951796179717981799August
VIII.IX.X.XI.XII.XIII.
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
202122232425262728293031123456789101112131415161718
July180018011802180318041805August

Thermidor in revolution

The Thermidorian Reaction, Revolution of Thermidor, or simply Thermidor refers to the coup of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794) in which the Committee of Public Safety led by Maximilien Robespierre was sidelined and its leaders arrested and guillotined, resulting in the end of the Reign of Terror. The new regime, known as The Directory, introduced more conservative policies aimed at stabilizing the revolutionary government.

Consequently, for historians of revolutionary movements, the term Thermidor has come to mean the phase in some revolutions when the political pendulum swings back towards something resembling a pre-revolutionary state, and power slips from the hands of the original revolutionary leadership. Leon Trotsky, in his book The Revolution Betrayed, refers to the rise of Joseph Stalin and the accompanying post-revolutionary bureaucracy as the "Soviet Thermidor".

Thermidor in culture

The food Lobster Thermidor was named, directly or indirectly, after the month. (Sometimes it is said that it was first prepared for Napoleon I during the month of Thermidor; others[who?] say that it was created by Tony Girod at the Café de Paris to celebrate the opening of a play called Thermidor.)

Thermidor is also the name of a story revolving around the end of the French Revolution in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman, issue #29.

"Thermidor" and "Thermidor 2" were lobster-like robots on Robot Wars.

There is a song recorded by J-pop artist Nana Mizuki by the name of "Thermidor". Its lyrics talk about a person in love that is also rethinking his or her personal feelings after realizing that the person they love has changed, and so has the person. Its lyrics mimic the modern definition of Thermidor.