Territories/ dates | Khorasan | Margiana | Bactria | Sogdia | Trans-Jaxartes steppes | Altai Mountains |
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| Preceded by: Chronology of the Neolithic period |
3500–2500 BCE | (Eastern migration of the Yamnaya culture from the Pontic steppe through the Eurasian Steppe,as far as the Altai region) |
| Afanasievo culture (Proto-Tocharian) |
2400–2000 BCE | | Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/35px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg) | |
2000–1900 BCE | Andronovo Culture |
2000–900 BCE | |
626–539 BCE | Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages | Saka Massagetae Tomyris | Saka Skunkha | Saka (Arzhan culture) (Pazyryk Culture)
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/30px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG) |
539–331 BCE | Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III |
331–256 BCE | Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus
Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II | Saka | Yuezhi |
256–160 BCE | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I | Yuezhi | Xiongnu Modu Chanyu Laoshang
Hunnic tribes |
160–141 BCE | Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I Vologases III Parthamaspates Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV | Eucratides |
141 BCE–30 CE | Yuezhi Arseiles Sapadbizes Heraios |
30 –224 CE | Kushan Empire Kujula Kadphises Vima Takto Vima Kadphises Kanishka I Huvishka Vasudeva I | Saka |
224–350 CE | Sasanian Empire
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm Khosrow II Kavad II Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh | Kushano-Sasanians Ardashir I Peroz I Hormizd I Hormizd II Peroz II Varahran | Kangju Wanunkhur |
320 CE–467 CE | Kidarites Yosada Kirada Peroz Kidara Grumbates Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) Goboziko |
370 CE–540 CE | Alchon Huns Khingila Javukha Mehama Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman Toramana Mihirakula |
440 CE–560 CE | Hephthalites Akhshunwar Kun-khi Ghadfar |
560 CE–651 CE | First Turkic Khaganate (Ashina Tuwu) Bumin Qaghan Issik Qaghan Muqan Qaghan Taspar Qaghan Ashina Anluo Ishbara Qaghan Bagha Qaghan Tulan Qaghan (Istämi) (Empress Ashina) (Apa Qaghan) (Yangsu Tegin) (Tamgan) |
560 CE–625 CE | Western Turks (vassal of the Tang dynasty 657–742) Niri Qaghan Heshana Khagan Sheguy Tong Yabghu Qaghan |
625 CE–651 CE | Tokhara Yabghus Tardush Shad Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili | Külüg Sibir Irbis Bolun Cabgu Duolu Qaghan Ishbara Tolis Yukuk Shad Irbis Seguy Ashina Helu |
651–673 CE | Muslim conquest of Persia |
673–751 CE | Muslim conquest of Transoxiana | Second Turkic Khaganate |
Rulers of the Ancient Near-East |