Taihu Wu (吳語太湖片) or Northern Wu (北部吳語) is a Wu Chinese language spoken in much of the southern part of the province of Jiangsu, including Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, the southern part of Nantong, Jingjiang and Danyang; the municipality of Shanghai; and the northern part of Zhejiang province, including Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Huzhou, and Jiaxing. A notable exception is the dialect of the town of Jinxiang, which is a linguistic exclave of Taihu Wu in Zhenan Min-speaking Cangnan county of Wenzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province. Speakers in regions around Taihu Lake and Hangzhou Bay, are the largest population among all Wu speakers. Taihu Wu dialects such as Shanghainese, Shaoxing and Ningbo are mutually intelligible even for L2 Taihu speakers.
| Taihu Wu | |
|---|---|
| 吳語太湖片 | |
| Native to | People's Republic of China |
| Region | South Jiangsu province, North Zhejiang province, southeastern Anhui, and Shanghai. Linguistic exclave in Cangnan county in southern Zhejiang province. |
Native speakers | (47 million cited 1987)[1] |
| Chinese characters | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| ISO 639-6 | taiu |
| Glottolog | taih1244 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-db |
History
Linguistic affinity has also been used as a tool for regional identity and politics in the Jiangbei and Jiangnan regions. While the city of Yangzhou was the center of trade, flourishing and prosperous, it was considered part of Jiangnan, which was known to be wealthy, even though Yangzhou was north of the Yangzi River. Once Yangzhou's wealth and prosperity were gone, it was then considered to be part of Jiangbei, the "backwater".
After Yangzhou was removed from Jiangnan, many of its residents switched from Jianghuai Mandarin, the dialect of Yangzhou, to Taihu Wu dialects. In Jiangnan itself, multiple subdialects of Wu competed for the position of prestige dialect.[2]
In 1984, around 85 million speakers are mutually intelligible with Shanghainese.[3]
Phonology
Taihu Wu varieties tend to preserve historical voiced initials.[4] The number of phonemic vowels can reach numbers higher than that of some Germanic languages.[5] Taihu Wu varieties typically have phonemic 7-8 tones,[6] though some can go as high as 12 or as low as 5,[7][8] and they all have highly complex tone sandhi.[9]
List of Taihu Wu dialect subgroups
- Su–Jia–Hu (Suzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou, 蘇嘉湖小片), also known as Su–Hu–Jia (Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing, 蘇滬嘉小片) – 23 million speakers in 1987[1]
- Suzhou dialect (Jiangsu)
- Shanghainese
- Jiaxing dialect (Zhejiang)
- Wuxi dialect (Jiangsu)
- Tiaoxi (苕溪小片, now considered to be a subbranch or sister group to Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing) – 3 million speakers in 1987[1]
- Huzhou dialect (Zhejiang)
- Southeast Guangde dialect (Anhui)
Northwestern Wu
- Piling (毗陵小片, spoken in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces) – 8 million speakers in 1987[1]
- Changzhou dialect (Jiangsu)
- Hangzhou (杭州小片) – 1.2 million speakers in 1987[1]
- Hangzhou dialect (Zhejiang)
Northern Zhejiang
- Lin–Shao (臨紹小片) – 7.8 million speakers in 1987[1]
- Shaoxing dialect (Zhejiang)
- Lin'an (Zhejiang)
- Yongjiang 甬江小片 or Mingzhou (明州小片) – 4 million speakers in 1987[1]
- Ningbo dialect (Zhejiang)
- Zhoushan (Zhejiang)
- Jinxiang dialect (金鄉話, appears to be an isolate, but closely related to the Taihu Wu varieties of Northern Zhejiang.)
List of Taihu Wu dialects
References
Further reading
- Shi, Menghui; Chen, Yiya (2022). "Lili Wu Chinese". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 157–179. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000092, with supplementary sound recordings.
- [Lili Wu is near the confluence of Suzhou, Jiaxing and Shanghai dialects]
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015). "Shanghai Chinese". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (3): 321–327. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043, with supplementary sound recordings.