Anime: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Revision as of 15:27, 21 May 2024 view source Biosaurt (talk \| contribs) 110 edits Anime characters do not typically have European features, and this is reflected in the word "Mukokuseki", which means "No Nationality".This edit was already removed months ago, there is no reason to keep adding it. Tag: Reverted ← Previous edit		Revision as of 16:05, 21 May 2024 view source Orchastrattor (talk \| contribs) Extended confirmed users 8,114 edits Undid revision 1224965875 by Biosaurt (talk) To repeat, source states their example is "caucasian looking", not up for interpretation Tags: Undo Reverted Next edit →
Line 202: Traditionally only Japanese works have been considered anime, but some works have sparked debate about blurring the lines between anime and cartoons, such as the American anime-style productions ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]'' and ''[[Avatar: The Legend of Korra]]''.<ref name="escapist">{{cite web\|last=O'Brien\|first=Chris\|title=Can Americans Make Anime?\|url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/features/9829-Can-Americans-Make-Anime\|work=The Escapist\|access-date=July 17, 2013\|date=July 30, 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018071546/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/features/9829-Can-Americans-Make-Anime\|archive-date=October 18, 2012\|url-status=live}}</ref> These anime-styled works have become defined as [[anime-influenced animation]], in an attempt to classify all anime styled works of non-Japanese origin.<ref name="whatisanime">{{cite web \|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/editorial/2002-07-26 \|title=What is anime? \|date=July 26, 2002 \|access-date=August 18, 2007 \|work=ANN\| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070820052800/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/editorial/2002-07-26\| archive-date= August 20, 2007 \| url-status=live}}</ref> Some creators of these works cite anime as a source of inspiration, for example the French production team for ''[[Ōban Star-Racers]]'' that moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Aaron McGruder - The Boondocks Interview\|url=http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=17924\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030033247/http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=17924\|archive-date=October 30, 2007\|access-date=October 14, 2007\|work=Troy Rogers\|publisher=UnderGroundOnline\|quote=We looked at Samurai Champloo and Cowboy Bebop to make this work for black comedy and it would be a remarkable thing.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.g4tv.com/screensavers/features/49962/Ten_Minutes_with_Megas_XLR.html \|title=Ten Minutes with "Megas XLR" \|date=October 13, 2004 \|access-date=November 27, 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123347/http://www.g4tv.com/screensavers/features/49962/Ten_Minutes_with_Megas_XLR.html \|archive-date=September 29, 2007 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="company">{{cite web \|url=http://www.savtheworld.com/eng/company.php \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813141936/http://www.savtheworld.com/eng/company.php \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=August 13, 2007 \|title=STW company background summary }}</ref> When anime is defined as a "style" rather than as a national product, it leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries,<ref name="escapist" /> but this has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, "The insistence on referring to original American art as Japanese "anime" or "manga" robs the work of its cultural identity."<ref name="anna" /><ref>{{cite web\|date=May 15, 2006\|title=How should the word ''Anime'' be defined?\|url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2006/05/15/ask-john-how-should-the-word-anime-be-defined/\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217143953/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2006/05/15/ask-john-how-should-the-word-anime-be-defined/\|archive-date=December 17, 2008\|access-date=September 26, 2008\|work=AnimeNation}}</ref> While some anime will depict non-Japanese characters with specific ethnic features, such as a pronounced nose and jutting jaw for European characters,<ref name="do manga characters">{{cite web \|title=Do Manga Characters Look 'White'? \|last=Thorn \|first=Rachel \|author-link=Rachel Thorn \|url=http://www.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/faceoftheother.html \|access-date=December 11, 2005 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717060459/http://www.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/faceoftheother.html \|archive-date=July 17, 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> there are some styles that deliberately forgo any identification of its characters with real-world ethnicities or nationalities, termed in criticism as ''[[mukokuseki]]'' (statelessness). ''Mukokuseki'' characters may be depicted with European or culturally neutral features and can significantly impact the reception of a property outside of Japan.<ref name=CuteCult>Bîrlea, Oana-Maria. “Soft Power: ’Cute Culture’, a Persuasive Strategy in Japanese Advertising.” TRAMES: A Journal of the Humanities & Social Sciences, vol. 27, no. 3, July 2023, pp. 311–24. EBSCOhost via [[WP:The Wikipedia Library\|Wikipedia Library]], https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2023.3.07.</ref><ref name=CBRnation>Altiok, Revna. "[https://www.cbr.com/mukokuseki-no-nationality-importance-in-anime/ What Is Mukokuseki in Anime – And Why Is It Important?] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119143318/https://www.cbr.com/mukokuseki-no-nationality-importance-in-anime/ \|date=January 19, 2024 }}" from ''[[Comic Book Resources]]'', 24 June 2022.</ref> A ''Language Awareness'' study of Anime and other forms of Japanese popular media found traits such as blonde hair and marked speech were widely used as shorthand for depicting foreign characters, described as a "quintessential" image of foreigners, with Americans being the most affected nationality.<ref name=Awareness>Rika Ito & Megan Bisila (2020) Blond hair, blue eyes, and “bad” Japanese: representing foreigner stereotypes in Japanese anime , Language Awareness, 29:3-4, 286-303 Retrieved 25 March 2024.</ref> A [[United Arab Emirates\|U.A.E.]]-[[Philippines\|Filipino]] produced TV series called ''Torkaizer'' is dubbed as the "Middle East's First Anime Show", and is currently in production<ref name="Torkaizer">{{cite web\|last=Fakhruddin\|first=Mufaddal\|title='Torkaizer', Middle East's First Anime Show\|url=http://me.ign.com/en/news/9594/-torkaizer-middle-east-s-first-anime-show\|website=IGN\|access-date=June 12, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630133627/http://me.ign.com/en/news/9594/-torkaizer-middle-east-s-first-anime-show\|archive-date=June 30, 2013\|url-status=live\|date=April 9, 2013}}</ref> and looking for funding.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Green\|first1=Scott\|title=VIDEO: An Updated Look at "Middle East's First Anime"\|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/12/26/video-an-updated-look-at-middle-easts-first-anime\|website=Crunchyroll\|access-date=August 20, 2014\|date=December 26, 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103233248/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/12/26/video-an-updated-look-at-middle-easts-first-anime\|archive-date=November 3, 2014\|url-status=live}}</ref> Netflix has produced multiple anime series in collaboration with Japanese animation studios,<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Schley\|first1=Matt\|title=Netflix May Produce Anime\|url=http://www.otakuusamagazine.com/LatestNews/News1/Netflix-May-Produce-Anime-7035.aspx\|website=OtakuUSA\|date=November 5, 2015\|access-date=November 17, 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107204830/http://otakuusamagazine.com/LatestNews/News1/Netflix-May-Produce-Anime-7035.aspx\|archive-date=November 7, 2015\|url-status=live}}</ref> and in doing so, has offered a more accessible channel for distribution to Western markets.<ref>{{cite web\|last1=Barder\|first1=Ollie\|title=Netflix Is Interested In Producing Its Own Anime\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/11/04/netflix-is-interested-in-producing-its-own-anime/\|work=Forbes\|access-date=November 17, 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729115913/https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2015/11/04/netflix-is-interested-in-producing-its-own-anime/\|archive-date=July 29, 2017\|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar initiatives have been enacted by the US-based streaming service Crunchyroll,<ref name=CrunchyOriginals>{{cite web\|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-25/crunchyroll-unveils-7-crunchyroll-originals-works-including-tower-of-god-noblesse-god-of-high-school/.156748\|title=Crunchyroll Unveils 7 'Crunchyroll Originals' Works Including Tower of God, Noblesse, God of High School\|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]\|date=February 25, 2020\|access-date=July 25, 2020\|archive-date=February 25, 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225153220/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-25/crunchyroll-unveils-7-crunchyroll-originals-works-including-tower-of-god-noblesse-god-of-high-school/.156748\|url-status=live}}</ref> producing titles such as ''[[High Guardian Spice]]'' and an adaptation of ''[[Tower of God]]''.