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{{For|the historical Chera Perumal rulers of medieval Kerala|Chera Perumals of Makotai}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Chera dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
The '''legend of Cheraman Perumals''' is the medieval tradition associated with the Cheraman Perumals (Chera kings) of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 31-32.</ref> The sources of the legend include popular oral traditions and later literary compositions.<ref name=":0" /> The time of origin of the legend is not known to scholars.<ref name=":0" /> It seems the legend once had a common source well known to all Kerala people.<ref name=":1">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 52-53.</ref>
 
The historic '''Cheraman Perumal dynasty,<ref name=":02">Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 331-32.</ref>''' also known as the '''Perumal dynasty of Kerala,<ref name=":02" />''' or '''Chera Perumals of Makotai,<ref name="Noburu Karashmia 2014">Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.</ref>''' (''fl.'' ''c.'' 844 CE–1124 CE) were a ruling dynasty in present-day [[Kerala]], [[South India]].<ref name=":12">Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27.</ref> Mahodayapuram, or Makotai, the seat of the [[Perumal|Cheraman Perumals]], is identified with present-day [[Kodungallur]] in central [[Tamil Nadu|Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty{{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam |url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/cheraman-parambu.php |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.muzirisheritage.org}}</ref><ref name=":42">Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.</ref><ref name=":17">Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in ''South-Indian Horizons'', eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.</ref> Initially, their influence appeared limited to the area between present-day [[Kollam|Quilon]] and [[Quilandy]], but later extended to up to [[Payaswini|Chandragiri river]] in north Kerala and to [[Nagercoil]] in the south.
 
The validity of the legend as a source of history once generated much debate among south Indian historians. The legend is now considered as "an expression of the historical consciousness rather than as a source of history".<ref>Kesavan Veluthat, ‘The ''Keralolpatti'' as History’, in ''The Early Medieval in South India'', New Delhi, 2009, pp. 129–46.</ref> The legend of the Cheraman Perumals exercised significant political influence in Kerala over the centuries. The legend was used by Kerala chiefdoms for the legitimation of their rule (most of the major chiefly houses in medieval Kerala traced its origin back to the legendary allocation by the Perumal).<ref name=":2">Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 146-47.</ref><ref name=":3">Frenz, Margret. 2003. ‘Virtual Relations, Little Kings in Malabar’, in ''Sharing Sovereignty. The Little Kingdom in South Asia,'' eds Georg Berkemer and Margret Frenz, pp. 81–91. Berlin: Zentrum Moderner Orient.</ref>
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The Cheraman Perumals of the legend are generally associated with the establishment the [[Malayalam calendar|Kollam Era (Malayalam Era)]], inauguration of the [[Onam Festival]], introduction of the matrilineal system of inheritance in Kerala, settlement of different [[caste]]s in Kerala, and foundation several temples, churches and mosques in Kerala.<ref name=":0" />
 
The following is a list of Cheraman Perumals found in the tradition.<ref name=":11">Ayyar, K. V. Krishna. ''The Zamorins of Calicut.'' Calicut (Kerala): Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. 54-55.</ref> According to K. V. Krishna Ayyar, the list<ref name=":11" /> goes as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Line 162 ⟶ 159:
|412-430
|N/A
|}
Corrected by [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] (1972) from [[Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai|E. P. N. Kunjan Pillai]] (1963),<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-73.</ref><ref>Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan. ''Cila Keralacaritra Prasnangal'', (Kottayam, 1955 Second Ed. 1963), pp. 152-4.</ref> taking recent corrections (2014 and 2020) on Narayanan into account,<ref name=":28">{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108494571 |location= |pages=150 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State}}</ref><ref name=":18">'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Uz0oQEACAAJ&q=Irreverent+History:+Essays+for+M.G.S.+Narayanan ''Irreverent History: Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan'']'','' Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014.</ref> the list is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lists of Chera Perumals
!Chera Perumal
!Regnal years (tentative)
<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":18" />
!Notes
|-
|[[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]]
|844–870<ref name=":28" />
|
* Contemporary to Chola king [[Aditya I]]<ref name=":72">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 79-80.</ref>
* Probably identical with [[Kulashekhara Alwar|Kulasekhara Alvar]].<ref name=":22">Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143.</ref><ref name=":172">Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in ''South-Indian Horizons'', eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.</ref>
|-
|[[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rama Rajasekhara]]
|870–883<ref name=":28" />
|
* Probably identical with [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]].'''<ref name=":04">Veluthat, Kesavan. "The Temple and the State in Medieval South India." ''Studies in People's History'', vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23.</ref><ref name=":22" />'''
|-
|[[Vijayaraga]]
|883–895<ref name=":28" />
|
* Married the daughter of king Kulasekhara.<ref name=":422">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 437-438.</ref>
* Married off his two daughters to Chola king [[Parantaka I|Parantaka]].<ref name=":32">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 442-43.</ref><ref>George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period', ''Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies'' (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.</ref>
|-
|Goda Goda
| rowspan="2" |895—905<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":19">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-67.</ref>
|
|-
|Kerala Kesari
|
* Probably identical with king Goda Goda (above)<ref name=":19" />
|-
|[[Goda Ravi]]
|905–943<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":19" />
|
|-
|Indu/Indesvaran Goda
|943–962<ref name=":26">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 67-68.</ref>
|
|-
|Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya
|962–1021<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":21">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 68-69.</ref>
<small>(or)</small>
 
959–1025<ref name=":28" />
|
* Contemporary to Chola king [[Rajendra Chola|Rajendra]]<ref name=":21" />
|-
|Ravi Goda<ref name=":20">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 461-62.</ref>
| rowspan="5" |1021—1089<ref name=":24">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 72-73 and 466-67.</ref><ref name=":23">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 71-72 and 464-66.</ref><ref name=":20" />
|
* Contemporary to Chola king [[Rajendra Chola|Rajendra]].<ref name=":20" />
|-
|Rajasimha<ref name=":20" />{{efn|Both Rajasimha and Raja Raja, from the Pandya inscriptions at Ambasamudram, were categorically identified as Chera Perumals by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972).<ref name=":99">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 70-72.</ref> This was confirmed in a recent book edited by Kesavan Veluthat (2014).<ref name=":18" /> The claim is disputed by Daud Ali (2007).<ref>Ali, Daud. "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/service-retinues-of-the-chola-court-a-study-of-the-term-velam-in-tamil-inscriptions/89BC54E804CCAFFD9CAA2C3EDF46F6A8 The Service Retinues of the Chola Court: A Study of the Term Veḷam in Tamil Inscriptions]." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 70, no. 3, 2007, pp. 487–509.</ref>}}
|
* Contemporary to Chola king [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra]]<ref name=":20" />
* Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya<ref name=":20" />
* Probably identical with king Ravi Goda (above)<ref name=":20" />
|-
|Raja Raja<ref name=":23" />
|
* Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya.<ref name=":23" />
* Contemporary to Chola viceroy Maravarman Chola-Pandya.<ref name=":23" />
|-
|Ravi Rama<ref name=":24" />
|
|-
|Adityan Kota Ranaditya<ref name=":24" />
|
|-
|[[Rama Kulasekhara]]
|1089—1122<ref name=":25">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 73-74 and 467-70.</ref>
|
* Crowned in 1089 CE.<ref name=":25" />
* Elder contemporary to Chola king [[Vikrama Chola|Vikrama]]<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 470.</ref>
|}
 
=== The last Cheraman Perumal ===
Rayar, the overlord of the Cheraman Perumal (Kulasekharan) in a country east of the [[Western Ghats|Ghats]], invaded Kerala during the rule of the last Perumal.{{what|date=April 2024}} To drive back the invading forces the Perumal summoned the militia of his chieftains (like Udaya Varman Kolathiri and Manichchan and Vikkiran of Eranad). The Cheraman Perumal was assured by the Eradis that they would take a fort established by the Rayar.<ref name=":5" /> The battle lasted for three days and the Rayar eventually evacuated his fort (and it was seized by the Perumal's troops).<ref name=":5" />
 
The last Cheraman Perumal divided the Kerala or Chera kingdom among his chieftains (kingsfolk) and disappeared mysteriously. The Kerala people never more heard any tidings of him.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The Eradis, or the later kings of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], who were left out in the cold during the allocation of the land, was granted the Cheraman Perumal's sword (with the permission to "die, and kill, and seize").<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />
 
== The story of Thajuddin ==
According to the [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] the king converted to Islam after witnessing a strange event that Hindu astronomers had not predicted.<ref name="ashi"/><ref name="INS">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Satish |title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2009 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-70491-8 |page=346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-esAgAAQBAJ&q=cheraman+tajuddeen+malik+dinar&pg=PA346 |accessdate=16 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="iiip">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr Y. P. |title=Islam in India and Pakistan - A Religious History |date=2016 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85505-63-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&q=ravi+varma+cheraman&pg=PT69 |accessdate=20 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ampotti |first1=A. K. |title=Glimpses of Islam in Kerala |date=2004 |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QwAAAAYAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Varghese |first1=Theresa |title=Stark World Kerala |date=2006 |publisher=Stark World Pub. |isbn=9788190250511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Satish |title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2009 |date=27 February 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-esAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA346|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-70491-8|page=346}}</ref><ref name="sochistory">{{Citation|last = S.N. | first = Sadasivan | title = A Social History of India | publisher = APH Publishing |date=Jan 2000 | chapter = Caste Invades Kerala | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=cheraman+perumal&pg=PA306 | page = 303,304,305 | isbn = 817648170X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammed |first1=U. |title=Educational Empowerment of Kerala Muslims: A Socio-historical Perspective |date=2007 |publisher=Other Books |isbn=978-81-903887-3-3 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCBdogPnnqsC&q=cheraman+tajuddeen&pg=PA20 |accessdate=16 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[Al-Tabari]] of the 9th century in his Firdousul Hikma and [[Ferishta]] in his Tarikh Ferishta agree with this.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Samad |first1=M. Abdul |title=Islam in Kerala: Groups and Movements in the 20th Century |date=1998 |publisher=Laurel Publications |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CLjAAAAMAAJ&q=tabari+cheraman |accessdate=21 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kurup |first1=K. K. N. |last2=Ismail |first2=E. |last3=India) |first3=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies (Calcutta |title=Emergence of Islam in Kerala in 20th century |date=2008 |publisher=Standard Publishers (India) |isbn=9788187471462 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzQKAQAAMAAJ&q=tabari+cheraman |accessdate=21 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Main|Thajuddin|Qissat Shakarwati Farmad|Rama Kulasekhara}}
According to the [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]]:<ref name="ashi"/><ref name="INS">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Satish |title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2009 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-70491-8 |page=346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-esAgAAQBAJ&q=cheraman+tajuddeen+malik+dinar&pg=PA346 |accessdate=16 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="iiip">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr Y. P. |title=Islam in India and Pakistan - A Religious History |date=2016 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85505-63-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&q=ravi+varma+cheraman&pg=PT69 |accessdate=20 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> "Once, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] King Cheraman Perumal, possibly named Baskara Ravi Varma,<ref>{{cite news |last1=AKBAR |first1=ALI |title=The Kerala king who embraced Islam |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/406092 |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=Arab News |date=9 February 2012 |language=en}}</ref> was walking with one of his favored queens for a late-night stroll in the palace garden where he lived with her.<ref name="iiip"/> It was during this stroll that he witnessed the splitting of the moon. However, no one else in the palace or the rest of the Indian subcontinent saw this event. Shocked by the splitting of the full moon, which occurred many years before Muslims' migration to [[Medina]], Cheraman hurried back to the capital of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera Kingdom]]. He wanted to consult his chain of Hindu astronomers, known as [[Siddhar|Siddhars]], to determine the exact time of this lunar phenomenon. According to the Hindu mathematical system, the astronomers should have been able to forecast the lunar eclipse. Nevertheless, the precise astronomical date and time of this event remain uncertain. Therefore, when some Arab merchants from the [[Quraysh|Banu Quraysh]] tribe visited Cheraman's palace for unknown reasons, he took the opportunity to inquire about this incident that should have occurred in the Eastern sky. The Hindu astronomers should have been able to calculate the exact time and coordinates of this astronomical event. At their request, the King embarked on a pilgrimage to pray at the temple of the Arabian Moon-god [[Hubal]] and the Shrine of Quraysh idols in Mecca. During his visit to the [[Kaaba]], Cheraman had the opportunity to meet the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and gifted ginger pickles for Muhammad and his companions. He conversed with Muhammad in Arabic, and it was during this encounter that [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilal]], a companion of Muhammad, guided Cheraman to convert to Islam. As a result, Muhammad bestowed upon him the name '''Tajuddin''', '''Thajuddin''', or '''Thiya-aj-Addan''', which means "crown of faith" thus, becoming the first [[Islam in India|Indian Muslim]]".<ref name="ashi"/><ref name="INS"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ampotti |first1=A. K. |title=Glimpses of Islam in Kerala |date=2004 |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0QwAAAAYAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Varghese |first1=Theresa |title=Stark World Kerala |date=2006 |publisher=Stark World Pub. |isbn=9788190250511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Satish |title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2009 |date=27 February 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-esAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA346|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-70491-8|page=346}}</ref> The king then remained in the services of Muslims. Nearly 120 years later his letters arrived to his kingdom in Kerala. Subsequently, in the year 748 CE, [[Malik Dinar|Malik Deenar]] embarked upon the mission of propagating Islam, and over time, the Hindu kingdom in Kerala began to gradually embrace the teachings and principles advocated by Malik bin Deenar.<ref name="INS"/><ref name="sochistory">{{Citation|last = S.N. | first = Sadasivan | title = A Social History of India | publisher = APH Publishing |date=Jan 2000 | chapter = Caste Invades Kerala | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=cheraman+perumal&pg=PA306 | page = 303,304,305 | isbn = 817648170X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammed |first1=U. |title=Educational Empowerment of Kerala Muslims: A Socio-historical Perspective |date=2007 |publisher=Other Books |isbn=978-81-903887-3-3 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCBdogPnnqsC&q=cheraman+tajuddeen&pg=PA20 |accessdate=16 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi Gifts Saudi King Gold Replica Of Kerala Mosque |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-gifts-saudi-king-gold-replica-of-kerala-mosque-1324519 |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=3 April 2016}}</ref> [[Al-Tabari]] of the 9th century in his Firdousul Hikma and [[Ferishta]] in his Tarikh Ferishta agree with this.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Samad |first1=M. Abdul |title=Islam in Kerala: Groups and Movements in the 20th Century |date=1998 |publisher=Laurel Publications |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CLjAAAAMAAJ&q=tabari+cheraman |accessdate=21 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kurup |first1=K. K. N. |last2=Ismail |first2=E. |last3=India) |first3=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies (Calcutta |title=Emergence of Islam in Kerala in 20th century |date=2008 |publisher=Standard Publishers (India) |isbn=9788187471462 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzQKAQAAMAAJ&q=tabari+cheraman |accessdate=21 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
 
This story is found in [[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]], a Muslim account recorded by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II|Sheikh Zeinuddin]], it states that this incident happened two centuries later after the time of Muhammad.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Manoj |title=Cheraman Juma Masjid: Kerala mosque built during Prophet's lifetime |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/cheraman-juma-masjid-kerala-mosque-built-during-prophets-lifetime-1.86050107 |access-date=6 September 2023 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=27 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kugle |first1=Scott |last2=Margariti |first2=Roxani Eleni |title=Narrating Community: the Qiṣṣat Shakarwatī Farmāḍ and Accounts of Origin in Kerala and around the Indian Ocean |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |date=12 May 2017 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=337–380 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341430 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/60/4/article-p337_1.xml |access-date=6 September 2023 |language=en |issn=1568-5209}}</ref> The story has been retold countless times by the Portuguese, Dutch; the court chronicles of Calicut and Cochin begin with this narrative.<ref name=sw/>
 
[[João de Barros]] (1610 CE), a Portuguese writer, gives another version of the story. According to him, the Moors were religious fanatics and converted the King to Islam. The King moved to Calicut and Moors made him believe that he has to go to Mecca. Barros mentions that the king was Sarama Perumal and reigned 612 years before we landed in India. If we take 1498 CE, the date works out to be 886 CE.<ref name=sw/>
 
Dutch chaplain Cantor Visscher also wrote this story in 1723 CE.According to an inscription found at the Masjid, it was built in 1124 CE, two years after the disappearance of Cheraman Rama Kulashekhara.
 
William Logan, who was a Scottish officer of the Madras Civil Service under the British Government, wrote in detail about the historical aspect of Malabar. He mentioned that a friend of him came from Arabia and stated that a Tomb of Abdul Rahman Samiri is located on the outskirts of Zaphar, in Oman and dated in Hijra 212. But all historians rejected it because there is no credible information about this tomb till date.
According to the Legend of the Cheraman Perumal Mosque, the first Indian mosque was built in 508-68 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who left from [[Dharmadom]] to [[Mecca]] and converted to [[Islam]] during the lifetime of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayani]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref>
 
The story goes that Cheraman Perumal arrived in Arabia with a gift of ginger pickles for [[Muhammad]] and his companions<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/406092|title=The Kerala king who embraced Islam|date=2012-02-09|work=Arab News|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en}}</ref> and converted to Islam "at the feet of Prophet Muhammad".<ref name="treasure">{{Cite news|url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/the-syncretic-treasure-of-indias-oldest-mosque/|title=The Syncretic Treasure of India's Oldest Mosque {{!}} Madras Courier|date=2017-05-26|work=Madras Courier|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
According to historian [[M. G. S. Narayanan|M.G.S. Narayanan]], "there is no reason to reject the tradition that the last Chera king embraced Islam and went to [[Mecca]], since it finds its place not only in Muslim chronicles, but also in Hindu brahmanical chronicles like the ''[[Keralolpathi|Keralolpatti]]'', which need not be expected to concoct such a tale which in no way enhances the prestige of the Brahmins or Hindu population."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Perumals of Kerala: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumals of Makotai (c. 800 A.D.-1124 A.D.)|last=M. G. S.|first=Narayanan|publisher=Xavier Press|year=1996|isbn=|location=Kerala (India)|pages=65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA24|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles|last=Raṇṭattāṇi|first=Husain|date=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=9788190388788|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=താൾ:Keralolpatti The origin of Malabar 1868.djvu/30 - വിക്കിഗ്രന്ഥശാല |publisher=[Wikisource]] Malayam |url=https://ml.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE:Keralolpatti_The_origin_of_Malabar_1868.djvu/30 |access-date=4 September 2023 |language=ml|quote=
കളവൂതും ചെയ്തു“ഇനി മേലിൽ ബൌദ്ധന്മാർ വന്നു വിവാദിക്കുമ്പോൾ, വാദിച്ചുകൊണ്ടാലും എന്നെ രാജാവു പറയാവു, പിന്നെ വേദാന്തിയോട് അവരെ ശിക്ഷിച്ചു കളയാവു എന്നെ”പിന്നെ വാണ പെരുമാളെക്കൊണ്ടു സമയം ചെയ്യിപ്പിച്ചു, മാർഗ്ഗം പുക്ക പെരുമാൾക്ക് വസ്തുവും തിരിച്ചു കൊടുത്തു, വേറേ ആക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. “ബൌദ്ധശാസ്ത്രം ഞാൻ അനുസരിക്കകൊണ്ടു എനിക്ക് മറ്റൊന്നിങ്കലും നിവൃത്തി ഇല്ല എന്നു കല്പിച്ചു, അപ്പെരുമാൾ ആസ്ഥാനത്തെ മറ്റൊരുത്തരെ വാഴിച്ചു, ഇങ്ങനെ നാലു സംവത്സരം നാടു പരിപാലിച്ചു, മക്കത്തിന്നു തന്നെ പോകയും ചെയ്തു. ബൌദ്ധന്മാർ ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാള മക്കത്തിന്നത്രെ പോയി, സ്വർഗ്ഗത്തിന്നല്ല എന്നു പറയുന്നു. അതു ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാളല്ല; പള്ളിബാണപെരുമാളത്രെ; കേരളരാജാവു ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാൾ സ്വർഗ്ഗത്തിന്നത്രെ പോയതു. ശേഷം നാലു പെരുമാക്കൾ വാഴ്ച കഴിഞ്ഞ് അഞ്ചാമത് വാണ പെരുമാൾ ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാൾ. (Kalavut also did "Now when the Buddhists come and argue, even if they argue, the king will tell me, then I will punish them with Vedanti and get rid of me." "I was told that I had no fulfillment in anything else because I obeyed the philosophy. Apperumal ruled over another person in the headquarters. He took care of the country for four years and went to Makkah himself. Buddhists say Cheraman Perumala went to Mecca and not to heaven. It is not Cheraman Perumal; Pallibanaperumalatre; Kerala king Cheraman Perumal went to heaven. After the reign of four Perumas, the fifth Vana Perumal Cheraman Perumal.) }}</ref>
 
But [[S. N. Sadasivan]] in his book ''A Social History of India'', argues that it was the king of Maldives, [[Dhovemi of the Maldives|Kalimanja]], who converted to [[Islam]]. [[Mali]], which was known to seafarers then, might have been misunderstood as Malabar ([[Kerala]]) and this might have given rise to the tale of Tajuddeen in the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] Gazetteer.<ref name="sochistory" />
 
[[S. N. Sadasivan]], in his book ''A Social History of India'', argues that it was the king of Maldives, [[Dhovemi of the Maldives|Kalimanja]], who converted to [[Islam]]. Mali, which was known to seafarers then, might have been misunderstood as Malabar (Kerala) and this might have given rise to the tale of Tajuddeen in the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] Gazetteer.<ref name="sochistory" />
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
 
== References ==
Line 275 ⟶ 177:
 
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]
Retrieved from "https://www.search.com.vn/wiki/en/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals"
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