Sak (also known as Cak, Chak, or Tsak) is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Sal branch spoken in Bangladesh and Myanmar by the Chak people.
| Sak | |
|---|---|
| Cak | |
| Native to | Myanmar, Bangladesh |
| Region | Northwestern Rakhine State |
| Ethnicity | Chak |
Native speakers | 4,000 (2007)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ckh |
| Glottolog | sakk1239 |
Geographical distribution
Cak is spoken in Bangladesh by about 3,000 people and in Rakhine State, Burma by about 1,000 people according to Ethnologue. In Bangladesh, Cak is spoken in Baishari, Naikhyongchari, and Dochari (Huziwara 2018). In Rakhine State, Burma, Sak is spoken in Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung, and Mrauk U townships (Huziwara 2018). The Baishari dialect is the most conservative one (Huziwara 2018).[2]
According to Ethnologue, in Bangladesh, Chak is spoken in 14 villages in:
- Chittagong Division: Baishari, Bandarban, Bishar Chokpra
- Southern Naikhongchari area in the Arakan Blue Mountains
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | (kʰ) | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | ||||
| aspirated | (tsʰ) | |||||
| voiced | dz | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | |
| voiced | v | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | (w) | l | j | |||
- Sounds /tsʰ, kʰ, w/ mainly occur from loanwords.
- /ts, tsʰ, dz/ is also heard as [tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ] among other dialects.
- [ɲ] occurs as a realization of the consonant sequence /ŋj/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | (ə) | o | |
| Open | a | |||
Numerals
Sak uses a decimal-based numeral system.[5] Sak uses two sets of numerals: an indigenous system, and another system borrowed from Arakanese, often used for numbers beyond ten.[5]
Further reading
- Benedict, Paul K. (1939). "Semantic Differentiation in Indo-Chinese". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 4 (3/4): 213–229. doi:10.2307/2717775. JSTOR 2717775.
- Van Driem, George (1993). "The Proto-Tibeto-Burman verbal agreement system". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 56 (2): 292–334. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00005528. S2CID 162552967.
- Glottolog 2.7 - Sak. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2016 [1]
- Grierson, George (1921). "Kadu and its Relatives". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 2: 39–42. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101818. S2CID 143921185.
- Huziwara, Keisuke. 2002. “Chakku-go no onsei ni kansuru koosatu” [A phonetic analysis of Cak]. Kyoto University Linguistic Research [Kyooto Daigaku Gengogaku Kenkyuu] 21:217–73.
- Huziwara, Keisuke. 2008. Chakku-go no kizyutu gengogakuteki kenkyuu [A descriptive linguistic study of the Cak language]. Doctoral dissertation, Kyoto University. lix + 942 pp.
- Keisuke, Huziwara (1970). "Cak numerals". Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics. 1 (2): 1–10. doi:10.3329/dujl.v1i2.3714.
- Huziwara, Keisuke. 2010. “Cak prefixes.” In Dai Zhongming and James A. Matisoff, eds., Zang-Mian-yu yanjiu sishi nian [Forty Years of Sino-Tibetan Studies], pp. 130–45. Harbin: Heilongjiang University Press.
- Shafer, Robert (1940). "The Vocalism of Sino-Tibetan". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 60 (3): 302–337. doi:10.2307/594419. JSTOR 594419.
- Thurgood, G., & LaPolla, R. J. (2003). The Sino-Tibetan languages.
- Voegelin, C. F., & Voegelin, F. M. (1965). Languages of the world: Sino-Tibetan fascicle five. Anthropological Linguistics, 7(6), 1-58. Retrieved February 12, 2016 JSTOR 30022507