Radium (88Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The longest lived, and most common, isotope of radium is 226Ra with a half-life of 1600 years. 226Ra occurs in the decay chain of 238U (often referred to as the radium series). Radium has 34 known isotopes from 201Ra to 234Ra.
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In 2013 it was discovered that the nucleus of radium-224 is pear-shaped.[2] This was the first discovery of an asymmetrical nucleus.
List of isotopes
Nuclide [n 1] | Historic name | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [n 2][n 3] | Half-life | Decay mode [n 4] | Daughter isotope [n 5] | Spin and parity [n 6][n 7] | Isotopic abundance | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy[n 7] | |||||||||||||||||||
201Ra[3] | 88 | 113 | 8+40 −4 ms | α | 197Rn | (3/2−) | |||||||||||||
201mRa[4] | 260(30) keV | 1.6+7.7 −0.7 ms | α | 197mRn | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||
202Ra | 88 | 114 | 202.00989(7) | 3.8+1.3 −0.8 ms[3] | α | 198Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
203Ra | 88 | 115 | 203.00927(9) | 4(3) ms | α | 199Rn | (3/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 203Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
203mRa | 220(90) keV | 41(17) ms | α | 199Rn | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 203Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
204Ra | 88 | 116 | 204.006500(17) | 60(11) ms [59(+12−9) ms] | α (99.7%) | 200Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (.3%) | 204Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
205Ra | 88 | 117 | 205.00627(9) | 220(40) ms [210(+60−40) ms] | α | 201Rn | (3/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 205Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
205mRa | 310(110)# keV | 180(50) ms [170(+60−40) ms] | α | 201Rn | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||
IT (rare) | 205Ra | ||||||||||||||||||
206Ra | 88 | 118 | 206.003827(19) | 0.24(2) s | α | 202Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
207Ra | 88 | 119 | 207.00380(6) | 1.3(2) s | α (90%) | 203Rn | (5/2−, 3/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (10%) | 207Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
207mRa | 560(50) keV | 57(8) ms | IT (85%) | 207Ra | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||
α (15%) | 203Rn | ||||||||||||||||||
β+ (.55%) | 207Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
208Ra | 88 | 120 | 208.001840(17) | 1.3(2) s | α (95%) | 204Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (5%) | 208Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
208mRa | 1800(200) keV | 270 ns | (8+) | ||||||||||||||||
209Ra | 88 | 121 | 209.00199(5) | 4.6(2) s | α (90%) | 205Rn | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
β+ (10%) | 209Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
210Ra | 88 | 122 | 210.000495(16) | 3.7(2) s | α (96%) | 206Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (4%) | 210Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
210mRa | 1800(200) keV | 2.24 μs | (8+) | ||||||||||||||||
211Ra | 88 | 123 | 211.000898(28) | 13(2) s | α (97%) | 207Rn | 5/2(−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (3%) | 211Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
212Ra | 88 | 124 | 211.999794(12) | 13.0(2) s | α (85%) | 208Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (15%) | 212Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
212m1Ra | 1958.4(5) keV | 10.9(4) μs | (8)+ | ||||||||||||||||
212m2Ra | 2613.4(5) keV | 0.85(13) μs | (11)− | ||||||||||||||||
213Ra | 88 | 125 | 213.000384(22) | 2.74(6) min | α (80%) | 209Rn | 1/2− | ||||||||||||
β+ (20%) | 213Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
213mRa | 1769(6) keV | 2.1(1) ms | IT (99%) | 213Ra | 17/2−# | ||||||||||||||
α (1%) | 209Rn | ||||||||||||||||||
214Ra | 88 | 126 | 214.000108(10) | 2.46(3) s | α (99.94%) | 210Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (.06%) | 214Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
215Ra | 88 | 127 | 215.002720(8) | 1.55(7) ms | α | 211Rn | (9/2+)# | ||||||||||||
215m1Ra | 1877.8(5) keV | 7.1(2) μs | (25/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
215m2Ra | 2246.9(5) keV | 1.39(7) μs | (29/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
215m3Ra | 3756.6(6)+X keV | 0.555(10) μs | (43/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
216Ra | 88 | 128 | 216.003533(9) | 182(10) ns | α | 212Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
EC (<1×10−8%) | 216Fr | ||||||||||||||||||
217Ra | 88 | 129 | 217.006320(9) | 1.63(17) μs | α | 213Rn | (9/2+) | ||||||||||||
218Ra | 88 | 130 | 218.007140(12) | 25.2(3) μs | α | 214Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
219Ra | 88 | 131 | 219.010085(9) | 10(3) ms | α | 215Rn | (7/2)+ | ||||||||||||
220Ra | 88 | 132 | 220.011028(10) | 17.9(14) ms | α | 216Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
221Ra | 88 | 133 | 221.013917(5) | 28(2) s | α | 217Rn | 5/2+ | Trace[n 8] | |||||||||||
CD (1.2×10−10%)[n 9] | 207Pb 14C | ||||||||||||||||||
222Ra | 88 | 134 | 222.015375(5) | 38.0(5) s | α | 218Rn | 0+ | ||||||||||||
CD (3×10−8%) | 208Pb 14C | ||||||||||||||||||
223Ra[n 10] | Actinium X | 88 | 135 | 223.0185022(27) | 11.43(5) d | α | 219Rn | 3/2+ | Trace[n 11] | ||||||||||
CD (6.4×10−8%) | 209Pb 14C | ||||||||||||||||||
224Ra | Thorium X | 88 | 136 | 224.0202118(24) | 3.6319(23) d | α | 220Rn | 0+ | Trace[n 12] | ||||||||||
CD (4.3×10−9%) | 210Pb 14C | ||||||||||||||||||
225Ra | 88 | 137 | 225.023612(3) | 14.9(2) d | β− | 225Ac | 1/2+ | Trace[n 13] | |||||||||||
α (2.0×10−3%)[5] | 221Rn | ||||||||||||||||||
226Ra | Radium[n 14] | 88 | 138 | 226.0254098(25) | 1600(7) y | α[n 15] | 222Rn | 0+ | Trace[n 16] | ||||||||||
CD (2.6×10−9%) | 212Pb 14C | ||||||||||||||||||
227Ra | 88 | 139 | 227.0291778(25) | 42.2(5) min | β− | 227Ac | 3/2+ | ||||||||||||
228Ra | Mesothorium 1 | 88 | 140 | 228.0310703(26) | 5.75(3) y | β− | 228Ac | 0+ | Trace[n 12] | ||||||||||
229Ra | 88 | 141 | 229.034958(20) | 4.0(2) min | β− | 229Ac | 5/2(+) | ||||||||||||
230Ra | 88 | 142 | 230.037056(13) | 93(2) min | β− | 230Ac | 0+ | ||||||||||||
231Ra | 88 | 143 | 231.04122(32)# | 103(3) s | β− | 231Ac | (5/2+) | ||||||||||||
231mRa | 66.21(9) keV | ~53 μs | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
232Ra | 88 | 144 | 232.04364(30)# | 250(50) s | β− | 232Ac | 0+ | ||||||||||||
233Ra | 88 | 145 | 233.04806(50)# | 30(5) s | β− | 233Ac | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
234Ra | 88 | 146 | 234.05070(53)# | 30(10) s | β− | 234Ac | 0+ | ||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
Actinides vs fission products
Actinides[6] by decay chain | Half-life range (a) | Fission products of 235U by yield[7] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4n | 4n + 1 | 4n + 2 | 4n + 3 | 4.5–7% | 0.04–1.25% | <0.001% | ||
228Ra№ | 4–6 a | 155Euþ | ||||||
244Cmƒ | 241Puƒ | 250Cf | 227Ac№ | 10–29 a | 90Sr | 85Kr | 113mCdþ | |
232Uƒ | 238Puƒ | 243Cmƒ | 29–97 a | 137Cs | 151Smþ | 121mSn | ||
248Bk[8] | 249Cfƒ | 242mAmƒ | 141–351 a | No fission products have a half-life | ||||
241Amƒ | 251Cfƒ[9] | 430–900 a | ||||||
226Ra№ | 247Bk | 1.3–1.6 ka | ||||||
240Pu | 229Th | 246Cmƒ | 243Amƒ | 4.7–7.4 ka | ||||
245Cmƒ | 250Cm | 8.3–8.5 ka | ||||||
239Puƒ | 24.1 ka | |||||||
230Th№ | 231Pa№ | 32–76 ka | ||||||
236Npƒ | 233Uƒ | 234U№ | 150–250 ka | 99Tc₡ | 126Sn | |||
248Cm | 242Pu | 327–375 ka | 79Se₡ | |||||
1.53 Ma | 93Zr | |||||||
237Npƒ | 2.1–6.5 Ma | 135Cs₡ | 107Pd | |||||
236U | 247Cmƒ | 15–24 Ma | 129I₡ | |||||
244Pu | 80 Ma | ... nor beyond 15.7 Ma[10] | ||||||
232Th№ | 238U№ | 235Uƒ№ | 0.7–14.1 Ga | |||||
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References
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
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