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Planetary flyby

A planetary flyby is the act of sending a space probe past a planet or a dwarf planet close enough to record scientific data.[1] This is a subset of the overall concept of a flyby in spaceflight.

Plot of Mariner 10 flyby of planet Venus in February 1974

The first flyby of another planet with a functioning spacecraft took place on December 14, 1962, when Mariner 2 zoomed by the planet Venus.[2]

Planetary flybys are commonly used as gravity assist maneuvers to "slingshot" a space probe toward its primary target without expending fuel, but in some cases (such as with New Horizons), flybys are the primary objectives of a mission in of themselves. Flybys modify the direction of the probe and adds to its heliocentric velocity.[3]

A relatively recent example of a flyby spacecraft is New Horizons, which performed flyby maneuvers of Jupiter, Pluto and its moons in the 21st century. The flyby of Jupiter, used as a gravity assist, allowed the craft to reach Pluto at high velocity without the complications of slowing down, after which it proceeded further into the Kuiper Belt on an escape trajectory out of the Solar System.[4]

List of planetary flybys

Flyby dateLaunch dateOperatorSpacecraftDetailsMission result
19 May 196112 February 1961 Venera 1First Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby)[5]Failure
14 December 196227 August 1962 Mariner 2First successful non-lunar planetary encounter and first successful Venus flyby[6]Success
19 June 19631 November 1962 Mars 1First Mars flyby (contact lost)[7]Failure
19 July 19642 April 1964 Zond 1Venus flyby (contact lost)[8]Failure
15 July 196528 November 1964 Mariner 4First successful Mars flyby[9]Success
6 August 196530 November 1964 Zond 2Mars flyby (contact lost)[10]Failure
27 February 196612 November 1965 Venera 2Venus flyby (contact lost)[11]Failure
19 October 196714 June 1967 Mariner 5Venus flyby[12]Success
31 July 196925 February 1969 Mariner 6Mars flyby[13]Success
5 August 196927 March 1969 Mariner 7Mars flyby[14]Success
3 December 19733 March 1972 Pioneer 10First Jupiter flyby[15]Success
5 February 19744 November 1973 Mariner 10Venus flyby[16]Success
10 February 197421 July 1973 Mars 4Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)[17]Failure
9 March 19749 August 1973 Mars 7Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars lander)[18]Failure
12 March 19745 August 1973 Mars 6Mars flyby (flyby succeeded but lander failed)[19]Failure
29 March 19744 November 1973 Mariner 10First Mercury flyby[16]Success
21 September 19744 November 1973 Mariner 10Mercury flyby[16]Success
3 December 19745 April 1973 Pioneer 11Jupiter flyby[20]Success
16 March 19754 November 1973 Mariner 10Mercury flyby[16]Success
19 December 197814 September 1978 Venera 12Venus flyby and lander[21]Success
25 December 19789 September 1978 Venera 11Venus flyby and lander[22]Success
5 March 19795 September 1977 Voyager 1Jupiter flyby[23]Success
9 July 197920 August 1977 Voyager 2Jupiter flyby[24]Success
1 September 19795 April 1973 Pioneer 11First Saturn flyby[20]Success
12 November 19805 September 1977 Voyager 1Saturn flyby[23]Success
25 August 198120 August 1977 Voyager 2Saturn flyby[24]Success
1 March 198230 October 1981 Venera 13Venus flyby and lander[25]Success
5 March 19824 November 1981 Venera 14Venus flyby and lander[26]Success
11 June 198515 December 1984 Vega 1Venus flyby, lander, and first balloon[27]Success
15 June 198521 December 1984 Vega 2Venus flyby, lander, and balloon[28]Success
24 January 198620 August 1977 Voyager 2First and only Uranus flyby[24]Success
25 August 198920 August 1977 Voyager 2First and only Neptune flyby[24]Success
10 February 199013 October 1989 GalileoVenus flyby, first of three gravity assists to Jupiter[29]Success
2 July 19902 July 1985 GiottoFirst Earth flyby, gravity assist for extended mission to 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup[30]Success
8 October 199013 October 1989 GalileoEarth flyby, second of three gravity assists to Jupiter[29]Success
8 January 19927 January 1985 SakigakeEarth flyby[31]Success
8 February 19926 October 1990 UlyssesJupiter flyby, inclination change gravity assist for solar mission[32]Success
8 December 199213 October 1989 GalileoEarth flyby, last of three gravity assists to Jupiter[29]Success
24 August 199325 September 1992 Mars ObserverMars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)[33]Failure
23 January 199817 February 1996 NEAR ShoemakerEarth flyby, gravity assist to 433 Eros[34]Success
26 April 199815 October 1997 Cassini–HuygensVenus flyby, first of four gravity assists to Saturn[35]Success
24 June 199915 October 1997 Cassini–HuygensVenus flyby, second of four gravity assists to Saturn[36]Success
18 August 199915 October 1997 Cassini–HuygensEarth flyby, third of four gravity assists to Saturn[37]Success
30 December 200015 October 1997 Cassini–HuygensJupiter flyby, last of four gravity assists to Saturn[38]Success
15 January 200127 February 1999 StardustEarth flyby, gravity assist to 81P/Wild[39]Success
21 April 20024 July 1998 NozomiEarth flyby, first of two gravity assists to Mars[40]Success
19 June 20034 July 1998 NozomiEarth flyby, last of two gravity assists to Mars[40]Success
14 December 20034 July 1998 NozomiMars flyby (inadvertent; planned Mars orbiter)[40]Failure
19 May 20049 May 2003 HayabusaEarth flyby, gravity assist to 25143 Itokawa[41]Success
4 March 20052 March 2004 RosettaEarth flyby, first of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[42]Success
2 August 20053 August 2004 MESSENGEREarth flyby, first gravity assist to Mercury[43]Success
15 January 200627 February 1999 StardustEarth flyby and sample return capsule reentry[39]Success
24 October 20063 August 2004 MESSENGERVenus flyby, second gravity assist to Mercury[43]Success
25 February 20072 March 2004 RosettaMars flyby, second of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[42]Success
28 February 200719 January 2006 New HorizonsJupiter flyby, gravity assist to Pluto/Charon systemSuccess
5 June 20073 August 2004 MESSENGERVenus flyby, third gravity assist to Mercury. Also characterized the planet's atmosphere.[43]Success
13 November 20072 March 2004 RosettaEarth flyby, third of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[42]Success
31 December 200712 January 2005 Deep Impact (EPOXI)Earth flyby[44]Success
14 January 20083 August 2004 MESSENGERMercury flyby, fourth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[43]Success
6 October 20083 August 2004 MESSENGERMercury flyby, fifth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[43]Success
29 December 200812 January 2005 Deep Impact (EPOXI)Earth flyby[44]Success
14 January 200927 February 1999 StardustEarth flyby, gravity assist to 9P/Tempel[39]Success
18 February 200927 September 2007 DawnMars flyby, gravity assist to 4 Vesta[45]Success
29 June 200912 January 2005 Deep Impact (EPOXI)Earth flyby (distant)[46]Success
29 September 20093 August 2004 MESSENGERMercury flyby, sixth and final gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[43]Success
13 November 20092 March 2004 RosettaEarth flyby, last of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[42]Success
28 December 200912 January 2005 Deep Impact (EPOXI)Earth flyby (distant)[46]Success
27 June 201012 January 2005 Deep Impact (EPOXI)Earth flyby[44]Success
6 December 201020 May 2010 AkatsukiVenus flyby (inadvertent; was intended to be orbit insertion; later successfully inserted into orbit in 2015)[47]Failure
8 December 201020 May 2010 IKAROSVenus flyby, probe was a technological demonstrator that launched with Akatsuki[48]Success
9 October 20135 August 2011 JunoEarth flyby, gravity assist to Jupiter[49]Success
14 July 201519 January 2006 New HorizonsFirst and only Pluto/Charon flyby[Note 1][50]Success
3 December 20153 December 2014 Hayabusa2Earth flyby, gravity assist to 162173 Ryugu[51]Success
22 September 20178 September 2016 OSIRIS-RExEarth flyby, gravity assist to 101955 BennuSuccess
3 October 201812 August 2018 Parker Solar ProbeVenus flybySuccess
26 November 20185 May 2018 Mars Cube OneMars flybySuccess
10 April 202020 October 2018 BepiColomboEarth flybySuccess
23 July 2020~10 February 2021 Tianwen 1 deployable cameraMars flybySuccess
15 October 202020 October 2018 BepiColomboVenus flybySuccess
5 December 20203 December 2014 Hayabusa2Earth flyby, gravity assist to (98943) 2001 CC21Success
27 December 202010 February 2020 Solar OrbiterVenus flybySuccess
9 August 202110 February 2020 Solar OrbiterVenus flybySuccess
10 August 202120 October 2018 BepiColomboVenus flybySuccess
1 October 202120 October 2018 BepiColomboMercury flybySuccess
27 November 202110 February 2020 Solar OrbiterEarth flybySuccess
23 June 202220 October 2018 BepiColomboMercury flybySuccess
4 September 202210 February 2020 Solar OrbiterVenus flybySuccess
16 October 202216 October 2021 LucyEarth flybySuccess
19 June 202320 October 2018 BepiColomboMercury flybySuccess
24 September 20238 September 2016 OSIRIS-REx/ApExEarth flyby, gravity assist to 99942 ApophisSuccess
 May 202613 October 2023 PsycheMars flybyPlanned
  • The Galileo flybys featured both purely gravitational assists and scientific experiments.

See also

Notes

References

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