In physics, a phason is a form of collective excitation found in aperiodic crystal structures. Phasons are a type of quasiparticle: an emergent phenomenon of many-particle systems. Similar to phonons, phasons are quasiparticles associated with atomic motion. However, whereas phonons are related to the translation of atoms, phasons are associated with atomic rearrangement. As a result of this rearrangement, or modulation, the waves that describe the position of atoms in the crystal change phase -- hence the term "phason".
Phasons can travel faster than the speed of sound within quasicrystalline materials, giving these materials a higher thermal conductivity than materials in which the transfer of heat is carried out only by phonons.[1] Different phasonic modes can change the material properties of a quasicrystal.[2]
Within superspace representation, aperiodic crystals can be obtained by taking a section of a periodic crystal of higher dimension (up to 6D) and cutting at an irrational angle. While phonons change the position of atoms relative to the crystal structure in space, phasons change the position of atoms relative to the quasicrystal structure and the cut-through superspace that defines it. Therefore, phonon modes are excitations of the "in-plane" real (also called parallel or external) space, whereas phasons are excitations of the perpendicular (also called internal) space.[3]
Models of describing phasons include hydrodynamic theory (which describes phasons as a continuous pattern of motion), and 'phasonic flips', where atoms collectively 'jump' to new sites. Hydrodynamic analysis of quasicrystals predicts that, while the strain relaxation of phonons is relatively rapid, relaxation of phason strain is diffusive and is much slower.[4] Therefore, metastable quasicrystals grown by rapid quenching from the melt exhibit built-in phason strain[5] associated with shifts and anisotropic broadenings of X-ray and electron diffraction peaks.[6][7]
See also
References
Freedman, B., Lifshitz, R., Fleischer, J. et al. Phason dynamics in nonlinear photonic quasicrystals. Nature Mater 6, 776–781 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1981
Books
- Steinhardt PJ, Ostlund S (1987). The Physics of Quasicrystals. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 978-9971-5-0226-3.
- Jaric MV, ed. (1988). Introduction to Quasicrystals. Aperiodicity and Order. Vol. 1. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-040601-2.
- Jaric MV, ed. (1989). Introduction to the Mathematics of Quasicrystals. Aperiodicity and Order. Vol. 2. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-040601-2.
- DiVincenzo DP, Steinhardt PJ, eds. (1991). Quasicrystals: The State of the Art. Directions in Condensed Matter Physics. Vol. 11. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-0522-5.
- Senechal M (1995). Quasicrystals and Geometry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57541-6.
- Patera J (1998). Quasicrystals and Discrete Geometry. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-0682-1.
- Belin-Ferre E, Berger C, Quiquandon M, Sadoc A, eds. (2000). Quasicrystals. World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-981-02-4281-7.
- Trebin HR, ed. (2003). Quasicrystals: Structure and Physical Properties. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-40399-8.
- Janssen T, Chapuis G, Boissieu (2018). Aperiodic structures: from modulated structures to quasicrystals. Oxford Science Publications. ISBN 978-0-19-882444-2.