Business performance management

By 2017, Gartner had reclassified CPM as "financial planning and analysis (FP&A)" and "financial close" to reflect an increased focus on planning and the emergence of new solutions for financial close management.^[9]

New technology realizes corporate strategic outcomes and describes risk-management programs.^[10]

Performance-management principles are used most often in the workplace and can be applied wherever people interact with their environments to produce desired effects, such as health settings.^[11] How performance management is applied is important to get the most out of a group, and can improve day-to-day employee performance. It must not encourage internal competition, but teamwork, cooperation, and trust.^[12]

Performance management aligns company goals with those of teams and employees to increase efficiency, productivity, and profitability.^[13] Its guidelines stipulate the activities and outcomes by which employees and teams are evaluated during performance appraisal.^[14] Many types of organizations use performance management systems (PMS) to evaluate themselves according to their targets, objectives, and goals; a research institute may use PMS to evaluate its success in reaching development targets.^[15] Complex performance drivers such as the societal contribution of research may be evaluated with other performance drivers, such as research commercialization and collaborations, in sectors like commercial agriculture.^[16][17] A research institute may use data-driven, real-time PMS to deal with complex performance-management challenges for a country developing its agricultural sector.^[18][19]

Werner Erhard, Michael C. Jensen, and their colleagues developed a new approach to improving performance in organizations. Their work emphasizes how constraints imposed by one's worldview can impede cognitive abilities, and explores the source of performance which is inaccessible by cause-and-effect analysis. They say that a person's performance correlates with their work situation, and language (including what is said and unsaid in conversations) plays a major role. Performance is more likely to be improved when management understands how employees perceive the world and implementing changes which are compatible with that worldview.^[20]

In the public sector, the effects of performance-management systems have ranged from positive to negative; this suggests that differences among systems and the context in which they are implemented affect their success or failure.^[21][22]

Employees who question the fairness of a performance-management system or are overly competitive will affect its effectiveness; those who do not feel adequately rewarded become disgruntled with the process. Without proper system planning, employees may view it as mandating compliance.^[23]

In organizational development (OD), performance can be thought of as actual versus desired results; where actual results fall short of those desired is the performance-improvement zone. Performance improvement aims to close the gap between the two.^[24]

Other organizational-development definitions differ slightly. According to the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), performance management is a system or process in which work is planned and expectations are set; performance of the work is monitored; staff ability to perform is developed; performance is rated and the ratings summarized, and top performance is rewarded.^[25]

An organization-wide 360-degree feedback process integrated into the organization's culture can be a powerful tool for communicating and instituting change, rapidly touching all members of the organization when new markets, strategies, values and structures are introduced into the system.^[26] Each year, companies spend considerable money on their performance-management systems. For performance management to succeed, businesses must continue to adapt their system to correct current deficiencies. Some aspects, such as goal setting or performance bonuses, may resonate more with employees than others.^[27]

According to Richard et al. (2009), organizational-performance metrics encompass three outcomes:^[28]

• Financial performance, such as profits, return on assets, and return on investment
• Product market performance, such as sales and market share
• Total shareholder return, economic value added, and similar

Organizational effectiveness^[29] is a similar term.

Business performance management requires large organizations to collect and report large volumes of data. Software vendors, particularly those offering business intelligence tools, offer products to assist in this process. BPM is often incorrectly understood as relying on software to work, and many definitions suggest software as essential to the approach.^[30] Interest in BPM by the software community may be sales-driven.^[31][32]

• Behavioral systems analysis
• Data visualization
• Electronic performance support systems
• Executive information systems
• Integrated business planning
• IT performance management
• List of management topics
• Operational performance management
• Organizational behavior management
• Organizational engineering
• PDCA
• Performance measurement
• Rosabeth Moss Kanter
• Vitality curve (a.k.a stack ranking)
• Strategy Markup Language and particularly StratML Part 2, Performance Plans and Reports

• Plug-In T12 Business Process http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~firat/mis/PlugInT12.pdf
• "Giving the Boss the Big Picture: A dashboard pulls up everything the CEO needs to run the show". BusinessWeek. Bloomberg L.P. 2006-02-13. Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
• Business Finance: Bred Tough: The Best-of-Breed, 2009 (July 2009)
• Defining success through strategic planning and priority goal setting
• The Balanced Scorecard
• Organizational Performance Management