On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy
The Law of Ukraine "On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy" (Ukrainian: Закон України «Про засудження та заборону пропаганди російської імперської політики в Україні і деколонізацію топонімії») is a piece of Ukrainian legislation, enacted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on March 21, 2023. The law has been described as providing a legal framework for the process of the derussification and decolonization of Ukraine, which began after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, but considerably intensified after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[1][2]
Background
The Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2022 has increased the rate of derussification in Ukraine, especially the removal of names associated with Russia and Russian imperialism. Ukrainian advocates for the process refer to it as decolonization.[3][4] Street names associated with Russia were changed in major Ukrainian cities like Lviv, Dnipro,[5] Kyiv,[6] and Kharkiv. Ivano-Frankivsk became the first city to remove all its Russian toponyms altogether.[7]
History
On April 5, 2022, the Verkhovna Rada registered a draft law of an amendment to Ukraine's laws regarding the decolonization of toponymy and regulating the use of geographic names of populated places.[8] On April 12, 2022, Oleksiy Danilov, the secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, said that the total derussification of many spheres of Ukrainian society was inevitable, claiming "we won't have anything Russian left here".[9]
On March 14, 2023, several public organizations signed a petition calling on the Verkhovna Rada to adopt a law on decolonization in parliament.[10] On March 21, 2023, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the law.[11] It passed with 248 votes for, 1 against, and 71 abstaining.[12][13] On April 21, 2023, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy signed the law.[14] On July 27, 2023, the law entered into force.[2]
Contents and implementation
The law prohibits "publicly honoring and promoting names with symbols of Russian imperial policy, its landmarks, memorable, historical, and cultural places, settlements, dates, events, and representatives." The law requires that as of January 27, 2024, all toponyms related to the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, or the Russian Federation be removed from places in Ukraine.[15]
The law provides a list of steps to be taken by local authorities in the process. Local councils are instructed to form a commission, of whom at least half are members of the public (activists and academics), then collect and process proposals for new names. The commissions will be required to communicate with citizens about the new toponyms, which "will allow choosing the most appropriate version of the name that will meet the request of residents or the historical features of the area". Documents like birth certificates and real estate are not required to be updated to match new names.[15] The law also requires that toponyms that have been Russified in the past must be brought in line with Ukrainian spelling, listing Yuzhne, Sievierodonetsk, and Yuzhnoukrainsk as examples.[16]
In addition to toponyms, imperial monuments are also to be removed from public spaces. Types of monuments to be removed include those "dedicated to persons who held senior positions in government and administrative bodies, political organisations, parties, armed formations of State entities of Russia and who participated in or contributed to the implementation of Russian imperial policy", as well as those "dedicated to individuals who publicly supported, glorified or justified Russian imperial policies, called for Russification or Ukrainophobia."[16]
On November 20, 2023, the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory prepared a collection of recommendations and documents regarding how the requirements of the law would be carried out. It lists examples of imperialistic toponyms, including:[17]
- The village Kniaze-Hryhorivka, whose name literally means "Prince Grigory", in reference to the Imperial Russian statesman Grigory Potemkin
- The village Suvorovske, Vinnytsia Oblast, named in honor of Imperial Russian general Alexander Suvorov
The collection also relays requirements for the selection of new names. Among other restrictions, new names are not allowed for living people, should be easy to pronounce, and should ideally reflect long-standing historical names of localities.[17]
See also
- Ukrainian decommunization laws
- List of Ukrainian toponyms that were changed as part of decommunization in 2016
- Naming Commission, an American government commission tasked with recommending renamings of American military objects with names related to the Confederacy