Muramyl dipeptide

Muramyl dipeptide is a component of bacterial peptidoglycan, a recognition structure or activator for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) protein.^[1] It is a constituent of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria composed of N-acetylmuramic acid linked by its lactic acid moiety to the N-terminus of an L-alanine D-isoglutamine dipeptide.^[1] It can be recognized by the immune system as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and activate the NALP3 inflammasome which, in turn, leads to cytokine activation, IL-1α and IL-1β especially.^[2]

Muramyl dipeptide

Names
IUPAC name (4R)-4-[ [(2S)-2-[ [(2R)-2-[(2R,5S)-3-acetamido-2,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid
Other names Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine
Identifiers
CAS Number	53678-77-6 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	9794910 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.053.343
IUPHAR/BPS	5024
MeSH	Muramyl+dipeptide
PubChem CID	11620162
UNII	2U7S2HVO96 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID90897421
InChI InChI=1S/C19H32N4O11/c1-7(17(30)23-10(16(20)29)4-5-12(26)27)21-18(31)8(2)33-15-13(22-9(3)25)19(32)34-11(6-24)14(15)28/h7-8,10-11,13-15,19,24,28,32H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,20,29)(H,21,31)(H,22,25)(H,23,30)(H,26,27)/t7-,8+,10+,11+,13+,14+,15+,19?/m0/s1 Y Key: BSOQXXWZTUDTEL-QAQREVAFSA-N Y InChI=1/C19H32N4O11/c1-7(17(30)23-10(16(20)29)4-5-12(26)27)21-18(31)8(2)33-15-13(22-9(3)25)19(32)34-11(6-24)14(15)28/h7-8,10-11,13-15,19,24,28,32H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,20,29)(H,21,31)(H,22,25)(H,23,30)(H,26,27)/t7-,8+,10+,11+,13+,14+,15+,19?/m0/s1 Key: BSOQXXWZTUDTEL-QAQREVAFBN
SMILES O=C(N)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](OC(O)[C@@H]1NC(=O)C)CO)C)C)CCC(=O)O
Properties
Chemical formula	C19H32N4O11
Molar mass	492.47758
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Human NOD2 protein of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat family, is a cytoplasmic receptor involved in host innate immune system defense. Mutations in the CARD15 gene encoding NOD2 protein have been observed in Crohn's disease patients,^[3] decreasing the immune systems of these patients ability to recognize muramyl dipeptide. Analogues of muramyl dipeptide and their potential for immune response therapies in cancer and disease are being investigated.^[4] Experiments published in 2008 showed that muramyl dipeptide is involved in a molecular pathway in mice that conferred protection from colitis.^[5]