The Mixtecs (/ˈmiːstɛks,ˈmiːʃtɛks/),[3] or Mixtecos, are Indigenous Mesoamerican peoples of Mexico inhabiting the region known as La Mixteca of Oaxaca and Puebla as well as La Montaña Region and Costa Chica Regions of the state of Guerrero. The Mixtec culture was the main Mixtec civilization, which lasted from around 1500 BC until being conquered by the Spanish in 1523.
The Mixtec region is generally divided into three subregions based on geography: the Mixteca Alta (Upper Mixtec or Ñuu Savi Sukun), the Mixteca Baja (Lower Mixtec or Ñuu I'ni), and the Mixteca Costa (Coastal Mixtec or Ñuu Andivi). The Alta is drier with higher elevations, while the Baja is lower in elevation, hot but dry, and the Coasta is also low in elevation but much more humid and tropical. The Alta has seen the most study by archaeologists, with evidence for human settlement going back to the Archaic and Early Formative periods.[4] The first urbanized sites emerged here. Long considered to be part of the larger Mixteca region, groups living in the Baja were probably more culturally related to neighboring peoples in Eastern Guerrero than they were to the Mixtecs of the Alta.[5] They even had their own hieroglyphic writing system called ñuiñe.[6] The Costa only came under control of the Mixtecs during the military campaigns of the Mixtec cultural hero Eight Deer Jaguar Claw. Originally from Tilantongo in the Alta, Eight Deer and his armies conquered several major and minor kingdoms on their way to the coast, establishing the capital of Tututepec in the Lower Río Verde valley. Previously, the Costa had been primarily occupied by the Chatinos.
The term Mixtec (Mixteco in Spanish) comes from the Nahuatl word mixtecah[miʃˈtekaʔ], "cloud people". There are many names that the Mixtecs have for naming themselves: ñuù savi, nayívi savi, ñuù davi, nayivi davi.[pronunciation?] etc. All these denominations can be translated as 'the land of the rain'.[8] The historic homeland of Mixtec people is La Mixteca, called in Mixtec language Ñuu Savi,[pronunciation?]Ñuu Djau,[pronunciation?]Ñuu Davi,[pronunciation?] etc., depending on the local variant. They call their language sa'an davi,[pronunciation?]da'an davi[pronunciation?] or tu'un savi.[pronunciation?]
Overview
Plate 37 of the Codex Vindobonensis. The central scene supposedly depicts the origin of the Mixtecs as a people whose ancestors sprang from a tree.
In pre-Columbian times, the Mixtec were one of the major civilizations of Mesoamerica. Important ancient centers of the Mixtec include the ancient capital of Tilantongo, as well as the sites of Achiutla, Cuilapan, Huajuapan, Mitla, Tlaxiaco, Tututepec, Juxtlahuaca, and Yucuñudahui. The Mixtecs also made major constructions at the ancient city of Monte Albán (which had originated as a Zapotec city before the Mixtecs gained control of it). The work of Mixtec artisans who produced work in stone, wood, and metal was well regarded throughout ancient Mesoamerica.
According to West, "the Mixtec of Oaxaca...were the foremost goldsmiths of Mesoamerica," which included the "lost-wax casting of gold and its alloys."[9]
At the height of the Aztec Empire, many Mixtecs paid tribute to the Aztecs, but not all Mixtec towns became vassals. They put up resistance to Spanish rule until they were subdued by the Spanish and their central Mexican allies led by Pedro de Alvarado.
Mixtecs have migrated to various parts of both Mexico and the United States. In recent years a large exodus of indigenous peoples from Oaxaca, such as the Zapotec and Triqui, has seen them emerge as one of the most numerous groups of Amerindians in the United States. As of 2011, an estimated 150,000 Mixteco people were living in California, and 25,000 to 30,000 in New York City.[10] Large Mixtec communities exist in the border cities of Tijuana, Baja California, San Diego, California and Tucson, Arizona. Mixtec communities are generally described as transnational or trans-border because of their ability to maintain and reaffirm social ties between their native homelands and diasporic communities. (See: Mixtec transnational migration.)
Mixtecs in the colonial era
Mixtec funerary mask; Grave No. 7, Monte Alban; Museum of Cultures of Oaxaca.The stucco reliefs in the Tomb 1 of Zaachila (The Valley, Oaxaca) reveal a remarkable influence from Mixtec art. The tomb likely belongs to a person whose name is registered in the Nuttall Codex. Tomb 1 of Zaachila, Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Late Postclassic.
There is considerable documentation in the Mixtec (Ñudzahui) native language for the colonial era, which has been studied as part of the New Philology. Mixtec documentation indicates parallels between many indigenous social and political structures with those in the Nahua areas, but published research on the Mixtecs does not primarily focus on economic matters. There is considerable Mixtec documentation for land issues, but sparse for market activity, perhaps because indigenous cabildos did not regulate commerce or mediate economic disputes except for land.[11] Long-distance trade existed in the prehispanic era and continued in indigenous hands in the early colonial. In the second half of the colonial period, there were bilingual Mixtec merchants, dealing in both Spanish and indigenous goods, who operated regionally. However, in the Mixteca “by the eighteenth century, commerce was dominated by Spaniards in all but the most local venues of exchange, involving the sale of agricultural commodities and indigenous crafts or the resale of imported goods.”.[12]
Despite the development of a local exchange economy, many Spaniards with economic interests in Oaxaca, including “[s]ome of the Mixteca priests, merchants, and landowners maintained permanent residence in Puebla, and labor for the obrajes (textile workshops) of the city of Puebla in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was sometimes recruited from peasant villages in the Mixteca."[13] There is evidence of community litigation against Mixtec caciques who leased land to Spaniards and the growth of individually contracted wage labor. Mixtec documentation from the late eighteenth century indicates that "most caciques were simply well-to-do investors in Spanish-style enterprises"; some married non-Indians; and in the late colonial era had little claim to hereditary authority.[14]
Geography
Codex Zouche-Nuttall Mixtec British Museum.Map showing the historic Mixtec area. Pre-Classic archeological sites are marked with a triangle, Classic sites with a round dot, and Post-classic sites with a square.
The Mixtec area, both historically and currently, corresponds roughly to the western half of the state of Oaxaca, with some Mixtec communities extending into the neighboring state of Puebla to the north-west and also the state of Guerrero. The Mixtec people and their homelands are often subdivided into three geographic areas: The Mixteca Alta or Highland Mixtec living in the mountains in, around, and to the west of the Valley of Oaxaca; the Mixteca Baja or Lowland Mixtec living to the north and west of these highlands, and the Mixteca de la Costa or Coastal Mixtec living in the southern plains and the coast of the Pacific Ocean. For most of Mixtec history, the Mixteca Alta was the dominant political force, with the capitals of the Mixtec nation located in the central highlands. The valley of Oaxaca itself was often a disputed border region, sometimes dominated by the Mixtec and sometimes by their neighbors to the east, the Zapotec.
The names of the rulers are composed by the day of the birth + nickname;
For the sake of a simpler list, minor settlements will be joined with major ones if there are family connections between their rulers;
Some Zapotec/Toltec kingdoms are included here, because of the many marital connections between the Mixtec and Zapotec royal lineages;
The dynasty never breaks while a member of the family rules: the line goes through women if they ruled as queen regnants. However, if a son inherits the different kingdoms of the two reigning parents, the paternal line will be favoured.
A family tree of some of the rulers is available in this link.
Possibly survived his son, and was succeeded by his grandson.
Lord 7 Serpent Eagle
? Son of Lord 4 House, Prince of Hill of the Mask and Lady 3 House
?
Lady 3 Jaguar War Quexquemitl one child
Lady 4 Serpent one child
?
Possibly survived his son (given the son's absence of nickname), and was succeeded by his grandson.
Lord 7 Rain Ascending Flame
? Son of Lord 7 Serpent and Lady 4 Serpent
?-1338
Lady 4 Monkey of Tilantongo, Precious Fire Serpent no children
1338 Hill of the Mask
Hill of the Mask annexed to Teozacoalco
Jaltepec, Añute
Ruler
Born
Reign
Consort
Death
Notes
Apoala-Jaltepec dynasty
Lord 10 Reed Eagle
c.880? Son of Lord 2 Grass Death Serpent, prince of Apoala and Lady 8 Rabbit Sun Headdress, Queen of Whirlpool of Blood-Temple of the Spiderweb and Smoke
? – after 920
Lady 2 Lizard Venus Red and White Band at least one child
after 920
Lord 3 Rain Ballcourt with Lines
? Son of Lord 10 Reed and Lady 2 Lizard
?
Lady 7 Death Rain Flaming Knot no children
?
Suchixtlán dynasty
Lady 9 Wind Stone Quexquemitl
c.1010 Daughter of Lord 8 Wind Twenty Eagles, King of Suchixtlán and Lady 10 Deer Jaguar Quexquemitl
Assassinated with her husband in Huachino during the Tilantongo coup d'état of Lord 8 Deer Jaguar Claw.
Lord 1 Alligator Ballcourt Eagle
1094 Huachino Second son of Lord 11 Wind, King of Huachino and Lady 6 Monkey
1101 – after 1122
Lady 6 Wind of Tilantongo, Feather Blood Quetzal 1122 one child
Lady 6 Flint of Tilantongo, Precious Fire Serpent 1122 no children
after 1122 aged more than 25-26
Younger son of Lady 6 Monkey, inherited her settlement at Jaltepec and married daughters of her assassin.
Lord 5 Lizard Blood Jewel
1122 or after 1122 Son of Lord 1 Alligator and Lady 6 Wind of Tilantongo
?
Lady 4 Rain Heartcross
Lady 8 Rabbit
(Both women were sisters and from the town of Temazcal Cave of Atl Tlachinolli)
(three known children in total)
?
Lord 1 Rain Celestial Eagle
? Son of Lord 5 Lizard
?
Lady 2 Alligator Smoke Spiderweb four children
?
Lord 5 Flower Celestial Eagle
? Son of Lord 1 Rain and Lady 2 Alligator
?
Lady 10 Water Xolotl Red Jewel two children
?
Lord 6 Reed Jaguar Sun
? Son of Lord 5 Flower and Lady 10 Water
?
Lady 5 Movement Copal Ornament two children
?
Lord 13 Wind Tlachtli War
? Son of Lord 6 Reed and 5 Movement
?
Lady 12 Rain of Zahuatlán, Butterfly Quetzal Blood four children
?
Lord 9 Lizard Fire Face
? Son of Lord 13 Wind and Lady 12 Rain of Zahuatlán
? – after 1381
Lady 12 Deer of Cuauhtinchán, War Quexquemitl three children
after 1381
In his reign Zaachila attacked Jaltepec, took the eldest sons of Lord 9 Lizard, and executed them. His minor son was the only one that survived. This son, Lord 2 Jaguar, would eventually succeed his father.
Lord 2 Jaguar
Before 1372 Son of Lord 9 Lizard and Lady 12 Deer of Cuauhtinchán
after 1381 – ?
Lady 1 Serpent of Teozacoalco, Sun Fan 1372[16] one child
?
Lord 5 Water Jaguar of Tlaxiaco
? Son of Lord 2 Jaguar and Lady 1 Serpent of Teozacoalco
? – after 1391
Lady 7 Rain of Tlaxiaco, Fan of Tlaxiaco two children
?
Lord 10 Monkey Rain Falling from Heaven
1391[17] Jaltepec Son of Lord 5 Water and Lady 7 Rain of Tlaxiaco
? – after 1414
Lady 2 Water of Yanhuitlán, Xolotl-Jewel 1414[18] three children
after 1414
Lord 3 Death Grey Eagle
Before 1420 Son of Lord 10 Monkey and Lady 2 Water of Yanhuitlán
Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo, Plumed Serpent three children
?
Lord 9 House Mexican Jaguar
1323 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 2 Dog and Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo
? – after 1372
Lady 3 Rabbit Divine Flame, Queen of Tilantongo (born 1345) 1353 no children
after 1372
Also, by marriage, king of Tilantongo.
Lord 2 Water Fire Serpent
1357 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 9 House and Lady 3 Rabbit of Tlaxiaco
after 1372 – after 1402
Lady 2 Vulture of Teita, Flower Jewel one child
Lady 3 Alligator of Zaachila, Jade Fan six children
Lady 12 Flint of Teita one child
Lady 4 Reed Twenty Jaguars no children
after 1402 aged more than 44-45
After his death his inheritance is divided: His eldest daughter received Tilantongo; his first son got Teozacoalco, and his second son eventually inherited his mother's realm of Zaachila.
Lord 5 Rain Water Falling from the Sky
1402? Son of Lord Lord 2 Water and Lady 3 Alligator of Zaachila
? – after 1416
Lady 5 Flower of Tlaxiaco, Quetzal Sun 1416 four children
after 1416
His children inherited their mother's realm. Teozacoalco reunited with Tilantongo.
Lord 6 Deer Sacred Rain
1393 Son of Lord 13 Eagle, King of Suchixtlán and Lady 12 Flower, Queen of Tilantongo
after 1416 – ?
Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec, Seed of the Broken Mountain two children
after 1416 aged more than 22-23
Nephew of the predecessor.
Lord 4 Flower Pheasant
1409 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 6 Deer and Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec
? – after 1438
Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo, Quetzal Fan seven children
after 1438 aged more than 28-29
Probably during his reign, the capital of the dual kingdom of Teozacoalco-Tilantongo may have returned to Tilantongo, but this isn't certain.
Lord 10 Rain Sun Rain
1438 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 4 Flower and Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo
? – after 1476
Lady 5 Wind of Suchixtlán, Cocoa Flower four children
after 1476 aged more than 37-38
Lord 4 Deer Eagle of Tlaxiaco
1476 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 10 Rain and Lady 5 Wind of Suchixtlán
His kingdom fell to the Spanish, and may have died during the invasion. Probably because of this same invasion, the kingdom lost its status: his son may have succeeded only in the maternal kingdom of Jaltepec.
Teozacoalco occupied by the Spanish
Tilantongo, Ñuu Tnoo
Ruler
Born
Reign
Consort
Death
Notes
1st Tilantongo dynasty
Lord 10 House Jaguar
?
?
Lady 1 Grass Puma one child
?
First known ruler of the settlement.
Lord 3 Eagle Eagle of the Serpent Place
? Son of Lord 10 House and Lady 1 Grass
? – after 942
Lady 4 Rabbit Quexquemitl of Mitlatongo two children
after 942
Lord 9 Wind Stone Skull
942 Tilantongo Son of Lord Lord 3 Eagle and Lady 4 Rabbit of Mitlatongo
? – 1020
Lady 5 Reed of Monte Albán, Rain Hill c.990
three children
1020 aged 77-78
His brother, Lord 1 Monkey, inherited their mother's city of Mitlatongo.
Lord 10 Flower Burnt-Eyed Jaguar
992 Tilantongo Son of Lord 9 Wind and Lady 5 Reed of Monte Albán
1020 – 1043
Lady 2 Serpent of Suchixtlán, Plumed Serpent (born 1005) 1013 six children
1043 aged 50-51
Many of his relatives are known to have sit exclusively in some thrones:
?: Lord 10 Flower (II) Tail Arc (his brother-in-law; ruled in the settlement of Dark Speckled Mountain)
?: Lord 13 Death (his son-in-law; ruled in the settlement of Head; he would also become father-in-law of Lord 8 Deer)
?: Lord 10 Reed (I) Precious Jaguar (his son-in-law; ruled in the settlement of Tataltepec (Yucu Tatnu))
?: Lord 10 Reed (II) (his son-in-law; ruled in the settlement of Topiltepec, Yucu Quesi/Nuu Ñañu)
Lord 12 Lizard Arrow Feet
c.1013 Son of Lord 10 Flower and Lady 2 Serpent of Suchixtlán
Lady 4 Death of Jaltepec, Jewel of the People no children
Lady 2 Grass 1073 one child
?
The succession of the son and grandson of Lord 12 Lizard is debated, as Lord 12 Lizard is the last of his dynasty explicitly depicted as king of Tilantongo before Lord 8 Deer's conquest (1097). Even his grandson, who died young in a mysterious suicide ritual, is sometimes called by experts as an heir, instead of an official ruler. There isn't also any indication of the time of death of Lord 12 Lizard, which confuses matters. What is known is that, as Lady 2 Grass (Lord 2 Rain's mother) came from Visible Stones (a place under domination of Suchixtlán), Suchixtlán became influent in Tilantongo during this period of uncertainty. It's also possible that Lord 12 Lizard's sister, Lady 4 Rabbit ''Precious Quetzal'', was his next heiress, as, before usurping the throne, Lord 8 Deer had bowed to her and her husband in their town at Sosola(Acuchi).
Lord 2 Rain Twenty Jaguars
1075 Tilantongo Son of Lord 5 Movement and Lady 2 Grass
Usurper and founder of a new royal line at Tilantongo. After his death the influence in Mixtec realms passed to Pedernales, but the succession continued in Tilantongo. Lord 8 Deer was related to other settlements:
His father-in-law, Lord 1 Deer Coanacoch is the only known ruler in the settlement of Cuyotepeji.
Regency of Lady 6 Eagle Jaguar Spiderweb of Chalcatongo during Lord 6 House's minority
Lord 6 House Jaguar Falling from Heaven
1109 Tilantongo Son of Lord 8 Deer and Lady 6 Eagle of Chacaltongo
10 November 1115 – ?
Lady 9 Movement Heart of Juquila one child
?
Lord 5 Water Stone Jaguar Heaven
? Son of Lord 6 House and Lady Lady 9 Movement of Juquila
?
Lady 10 Reed of Tilantongo, Quetzal Jewel eight children
?
Married his cousin, daughter of his father's half-brother.
Lord 8 Reed Pheasant
? Son of Lord 5 Water and Lady 10 Reed of Tilantongo
?
two children
?
Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly.
Lady 5 Rabbit Jewel
? Daughter of Lord 5 Water and Lady 10 Reed of Tilantongo
?
Lord 2 Movement Serpent with Markings
? Son of Lord 8 Reed and Lady 5 Rabbit
?-1206
Lady 4 Eagle of Teita, Blood Quechquemitl
Lady 12 Flint of Mountain of Flowers, Hummingbird Jewel
Lady 10 Eagle of Mountain of Flowers, Serpent Spiderweb
Apparently survived his own sons and heirs, Lord 8 Grass ''Coyote Sacrificer'' and Lord 1 Lizard ''Bloody Jaguar'', and was succeeded by his grandchildren.
Lord 12 Reed Coyote Sun
? Son of Lord 1 Lizard, Prince of Tilantongo and Lady 6 Reed of Sunken Disk Plain
1206-?
before or c.1206 three children
?
Sibling-spouses, ruled jointly.
Lady 3 Jaguar Precious Butterfly Sun
? Daughter of Lord 1 Lizard, Prince of Tilantongo and Lady 6 Reed of Sunken Disk Plain
?
Lord 5 Rain Sun Movement
? Son of Lord 12 Reed and Lady 3 Jaguar
?
Lady 13 Lizard of Puma, Truly Precious Butterfly one child
?
Lord 5 Rain was related to other settlements' rulers:
?: Lord 7 Movement Bloody Jaguar, his father-in-law, is the only known ruler in the settlement of Puma.
Lord 13 Wind Fire Serpent
? Son of Lord 5 Rain and Lady 13 Lizard of Puma
? – after 1277
Lady 1 Water of Teozacoalco, Venus Quechquemitl 1277 one child
after 1277
Lord 9 Serpent Jaguar War Illuminator
? Son of Lord 13 Wind and Lady 1 Water of Teozacoalco
?
Lady 8 Flint of Yucuita
Lady 7 Flower of Yucuita
four children in total
?
Lord 4 Water Bloody Eagle
? Son of Lord 9 Serpent
? – 1341
Lady Lady 6 Water Quetzal Jewel of Flower War no children
Left no children, and his dynasty came to an end. He was succeeded by his widow.
Zaachila-Teozacoalco dynasty
Lady 6 Water Quetzal Jewel of Flower War
? Daughter of Lord 2 Dog, King of Teozacoalco and Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo
1341 – after 1345
Lord 4 Water Bloody Eagle no children
Prince Lord 4 Death of Tlaxiaco, War Venus 1343 four children
after 1345
Widow and niece of the previous. As the eldest child of the only sister of Lord 4 Water that had children, she became the inheritor of his uncle-husband's kingdom. She inherited it not as widow of her husband, but as a rightful heir of her uncle.
Lady 3 Rabbit Divine Flame
1345 Tilantongo Daughter of Lord Lord 4 Death, Prince of Tlaxiaco and Lady 6 Water
after 1345-after 1372
1353 six children
after 1372
Like her mother, she married her own uncle (her mother's brother), keeping the kingdom in the family, and made possible the reunion of Tilantongo and Teozacoalco.
Lord 9 House Mexican Jaguar
1323 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 2 Dog, King of Teozacoalco and Lady 6 Reed of Tilantongo
Lord 2 Water Fire Serpent
1357 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 9 House and Lady 3 Rabbit of Tlaxiaco
after 1372 – after 1402
Lady 2 Vulture of Teita, Flower Jewel one child
Lady 3 Alligator of Zaachila, Jade Fan six children
Lady 12 Flint of Teita one child
Lady 4 Reed Twenty Jaguars no children
after 1402 aged more than 44-45
After his death his inheritance is divided: His eldest daughter received Tilantongo; his first son got Teozacoalco, and his second son eventually inherited his mother's realm of Zaachila.
Lady 12 Flower Broken Mountain Butterfly
? Daughter of Lord 2 Water and 2 Vulture of Teita
after 1402 – ?
Lord Lord 12 Eagle, King of Suchixtlán, Bloody Jaguar no children
?
First separate ruler of Tilantongo since 1341. At her death, her children inherited Tilantongo.
Lord 6 Deer Sacred Rain
1393 Son of Lord 13 Eagle, King of Suchixtlán and Lady 12 Flower, Queen of Tilantongo
after 1416?
Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec, Seed of the Broken Mountain two children
after 1416 aged more than 22-23
Nephew of the predecessor.
Lord 4 Flower Pheasant
1409 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 6 Deer and Lady 13 Wind of Jaltepec
? – after 1438
Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo, Quetzal Fan seven children
after 1438 aged more than 28-29
Probably during his reign, the capital of the dual kingdom of Teozacoalco-Tilantongo may have returned to Tilantongo, but this isn't certain.
Lord 10 Rain Sun Rain
1438 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 4 Flower and Lady 7 Vulture of Etlatongo
? – after 1476
Lady 5 Wind of Suchixtlán, Cocoa Flower four children
after 1476 aged more than 37-38
Lord 4 Deer Eagle of Tlaxiaco
1476 Teozacoalco Son of Lord 10 Rain and Lady 5 Wind of Suchixtlán
His kingdom fell to the Spanish, and may have died during the invasion. Probably because of this same invasion, the kingdom lost its status: his son may have succeeded only in the maternal kingdom of Jaltepec.
? Son of Lord 3 Dog and Lady 8 Serpent, heiress of Tlaxiaco
1305 – ?
Lady 11 Lizard of Achiutla, Flame Jewel 1305 no children
Lady 6 Rabbit of Tilantongo, Jewel Seed no children
?
It 's possible that he succeeded his maternal grandfather in his mother's lifetime; she chose to follow her husband (12 Deer's father) in a peregrination.[15] The male line is explicitly broken off after 12 Deer's death: he had no children. A succession crisis is opened, and is ultimately won by Lady 11 Rabbit, who was cleverly allied with Tilantongo-Teozacoalco.
Pedernales-Achiutla dynasty
Lady 11 Rabbit Jewel of the Rising Sun
? Daughter of Lord 8 Wind, King of Achiutla and Lady 10 Dog of Tlaxiaco
c.1330
two children
?
Spouses, ruled jointly. Lady 11 Rabbit (from Achiutla on paternal side) was a niece of Lord 12 Deer.
Lord 10 Rabbit Jaguar of Tlaxiaco
? Son of Lord 4 Movement ''Rain Falling from the Sky'' and Lady 2 Eagle ''Sunflower''
?
Lord 9 Rain Bloody Jaguar
? Son of Lord 10 Rabbit and Lady 11 Rabbit
? – after 1343
Lady 7 Flint of Teozacoalco 1343 three children
After 1343
Lord 11 Wind Smoked Claw
? Son of Lord 9 Rain and Lady 7 Flint of Teozacoalco
?
Lady 4 Grass of Achiutla, Jewel Flower five children
?
Lord 1 Dog, his brother-in-law, is the only known ruler in the settlement of Feline Mountain.
Lord 1 Monkey Sun Rain
? Son of Lord 11 Wind and Lady 4 Grass of Achiutla
?
Lady 5 Flint Heavenly Fan three children
?
Lord 13 Eagle Eagle of Tlaxiaco
? Son of Lord 1 Monkey and Lady 5 Flint
?-after 1400
Lady 8 Jaguar of Achiutla c.1400 one child
After 1400
His heiress didn't succeed in the kingdom; his successor was his granddaughter.
Lord 3 Reed Smoked Eye, his brother, is the only known ruler in the settlement of Cuilapán.
The Mixtecan languages (in their many variants) were estimated to be spoken by about 300,000 people at the end of the 20th century, although the majority of Mixtec speakers also had at least a working knowledge of the Spanish language. Some Mixtecan languages are called by names other than Mixtec, particularly Cuicatec (Cuicateco), and Triqui (or Trique).
The Mixtec are well known in the anthropological world for their Codices or phonetic pictures[clarification needed] in which they wrote their history and genealogies in deerskin in the "fold-book" form. The best-known story of the Mixtec Codices is that of Lord Eight Deer, named after the day in which he was born, whose personal name is Jaguar Claw, and whose epic history is related in several codices, including the Codex Bodley and Codex Zouche-Nuttall. He successfully conquered and united most of the Mixteca region.
They were also known for their exceptional mastery of jewelry and mosaic, among which gold and turquoise figure prominently. Products by Mixtec goldsmiths formed an important part of the tribute the Mixtecs paid to the Aztecs during parts of their history.[19][unreliable source?] Turquoise mosaic masks also played an important role in both political and religious functions.[20] These masks were used as gifts to form political alliances, in ceremonies during which the wearer of the mask impersonated a god, and were fixed to funerary bundles that were seen as oracles.[21]
References
Further reading
Kevin Terraciano (2004). The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca: Nudzahui History, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford University Press. ISBN978-0804751049.
Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora; Jansen, Marteen (2010). The Mixtec Pictorial Manuscripts - Time, Agency and Memory in Ancient Mexico. ISBN978-90-04-19358-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)