Microraptoria (Greek, μίκρος, mīkros: "small"; Latin, raptor: "one who seizes") is a clade of basal dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs. Definitive microraptorians lived during the Barremian to Aptian stages of the Early Cretaceous in China. Many are known for long feathers on their legs and may have been semiarboreal powered fliers, some of which were even capable of launching from the ground.[4] Most microraptorians were relatively small; adult specimens of Microraptor range between 77–90 centimetres long (2.53–2.95 ft) and weigh up to 1 kg (2.2 lb), making them some of the smallest known non-avialan dinosaurs.[5][6]
| Microraptorians | |
|---|---|
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| Fossil specimen of a Microraptor, with white arrows pointing at preserved feathers | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | Saurischia |
| Clade: | Theropoda |
| Family: | †Dromaeosauridae |
| Clade: | †Microraptoria Senter et al., 2004 |
| Genera | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Description
Microraptorians were a group of basal dromaeosaurids (popularly known as "raptors") with slender proportions and long limbs. All definitive members have been found in the Yixian and Jifuotang Formations of Liaoning County of China,[7] and the putative Late Cretaceous member Hesperonychus from North America is subsequently classified as an eudromaeosaurian, an avialan, or a sister taxon (not a member) of microraptorians by other researchers.[8][9][10] They are sometimes referred to as "Liaoning dromaeosaursids", even though it is uncertain whether Zhenyuanlong from the same locality is a microraptorian.[7][11] These formations (collectively known as the Jehol Biota) have been dated to the early Cretaceous and at that time would have been part of a temperate wetland ecosystem threatened by frequent volcanic eruptions.[12] Like other dromaeosaurids, microraptorians were carnivores with relatively large, serrated teeth and a hyperextendable second toe equipped with a curved claw.
Size and proportions
Most microraptorians were small dinosaurs, with taxa such as Microraptor and especially Zhongjianosaurus being among the smallest nonavian dinosaurs known. However, some microraptorians, such as Tianyuraptor and Changyuraptor, were larger and similar to other dromaeosaurids in size. Many microraptorians also had long and robust arms and legs, in contrast to the stockier eudromaeosaurs, although long arms are not universal to the group, since the basal microraptorian Tianyuraptor had unusually short arms by dromaeosaurid standards.[13] Considering this, the small size and long wings of some microraptorians likely are examples of convergent evolution with other small paravians and early birds such as Anchiornis and Archaeopteryx.
Feathers
The fossilization conditions of the Jehol group are very accommodating to the preservation of soft structures in fossils, and as a result, many microraptorians have been preserved with a covering of feathers. Not only have long, advanced feathers been preserved on the arms and tails of many specimens, but a few species even have long feathers on their legs. This condition has also been seen in other paravians such as Anchiornis, and has caused these kinds of dinosaurs to be labelled as "four-winged dinosaurs". The largest known "four-winged" dinosaur, Changyuraptor, is a microraptorian. Some microraptorians such as Microraptor possibly were able to use these wings to glide or take off from the ground,[14][4] and perhaps even capable of powered flight.[15][16][17]
Microraptorines can be distinguished from other dromaeosaurids by these features:
- A maxilla laterally sculpted by small pits
- A very short manual phalanx III-2
- A shortened first digit of the hand
- A splatulate (rounded) pubic symphysis
- A metatarsal III with a pinched proximal end
- A slender metatarsal II
In addition, several features are present in microraptorines with the exception of Tianyuraptor, which is believed to be a basal member of the clade:
Classification
Microraptoria is usually classified as a clade of Dromaeosauridae, though some consider the group to be outside the dromaeosaurid family.[19] Senter and colleagues expressly coined the name without the subfamily suffix -inae to avoid perceived issues with erecting a traditional family-group taxon, should the group be found to lie outside the Dromaeosauridae proper.[20] Sereno offered a revised definition of the subgroup containing Microraptor to ensure that it would fall within the Dromaeosauridae, and erected the subfamily Microraptorinae, attributing it to Senter et al., though this usage has only appeared on his online TaxonSearch database and has not been formally published.[21]
The cladogram below follows a 2012 analysis by paleontologists Phil Senter, James I. Kirkland, Donald D. DeBlieux, Scott Madsen and Natalie Toth.[22]
See also
References
- "Expand and Life history of a basal bird: morphometrics of the Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis" Luis M Chiappe, Jesús Marugán-Lobón, Shu'an Ji & Zhonghe Zhou (2008)
External links
- 1.http://www.paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=143267
- 2.http://www.taxonsearch.org/dev/taxon_edit.php?tax_id=483&Action=View
- 3.http://theropoddatabase.blogspot.com/2010/03/article-1311-means-lewisuchinaeidae-is.html
