Pollard script

The Pollard script, also known as Pollard Miao (Chinese: 柏格理苗文; pinyin: Bó Gélǐ Miáo-wén) or Miao, is an abugida loosely based on the Latin alphabet and invented by Methodist missionary Sam Pollard. Pollard invented the script for use with A-Hmao, one of several Miao languages spoken in southeast Asia. The script underwent a series of revisions until 1936, when a translation of the New Testament was published using it.

Pollard Pollard Miao, 𖽃𖽔𖾐 𖽑𖼄𖽻𖾐 (A-Hmao, Miao)
Miao book in Pollard script, in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Script type	Abugida
Creator	Sam Pollard
Time period	ca. 1936 to the present
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	A-Hmao, Lipo, Sichuan Miao, Nasu
Related scripts
Parent systems	Canadian Aboriginal syllabics Pollard Pollard Miao, 𖽃𖽔𖾐 𖽑𖼄𖽻𖾐 (A-Hmao, Miao)
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Plrd (282), ​Miao (Pollard)
Unicode
Unicode alias	Miao
Unicode range	U+16F00–U+16F9F
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Pollard credited the basic idea of the script to the Cree syllabics designed by James Evans in 1838–1841: "While working out the problem, we remembered the case of the syllabics used by a Methodist missionary among the Indians of North America, and resolved to do as he had done." He also gave credit to a Chinese pastor: "Stephen Lee assisted me very ably in this matter, and at last we arrived at a system."^[1]

The introduction of Christian materials in the script that Pollard invented had a great impact among the Miao people. Part of the reason was that they had a legend about how their ancestors had possessed a script but lost it. According to the legend, the script would be brought back some day. When the script was introduced, many Miao came from far away to see and learn it.^[2][3] Changing politics in China led to the use of several competing scripts, most of which were romanizations. The Pollard script remains popular among Hmong people in China, although Hmong outside China tend to use one of the alternative scripts. A revision of the script was completed in 1988, which remains in use.

As with most other abugidas, the Pollard letters represent consonants, whereas vowels are indicated by diacritics. Uniquely, however, the position of this diacritic is varied to represent tone. For example, in Western Hmong, placing the vowel diacritic above the consonant letter indicates that the syllable has a high tone, whereas placing it at the bottom right indicates a low tone.