Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
- Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
A
- Nicola Abbagnano (1901–1990)[2]
- Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[4]
- Peter Abelard (1079–1142)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Miguel Abensour (1939–2017)
- Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 975–1025)[4]
- Abner of Burgos (c. 1270 – c. 1347)[5]
- Isaac ben Judah Abravanel (1437–1508)[1][4]
- Judah ben Isaac Abravanel (1460?–1535?)[1][4][5]
- Marilyn McCord Adams (1943–2017)[3]
- Robert Adams (born 1937)[3]
- Jane Addams (1860–1935)[5]
- Joseph Addison (1672–1719)[2]
- Adelard of Bath (12th century)[1]
- Alfred Adler (1870–1937)[2]
- Vladimir Adoratsky (1873–1945)[2]
- Theodor Adorno (1903–1969)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Aenesidemus (1st century BC)[2][4]
- Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839–1897)[2][4]
- Rodolphus Agricola (1443–1485)[4]
- Agrippa the Sceptic (1st/2nd century)[2][4]
- Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535)[2][4][5]
- Pierre d'Ailly (1350–1420)[1][2][4]
- Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963)[3][4]
- Ricardo Alarcón (1937–2022)
- Isaac Albalag (13th century)[5]
- Hans Albert (1921–2023)
- Albert of Saxony (c. 1316–1390)[1][2][4][5]
- Albertus Magnus (or Saint Albert the Great or Albert of Cologne), (1193?–1280)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Joseph Albo (1380–1444)[2][3][4][5]
- Alcinous (2nd century)[2][4]
- Alcmaeon of Croton (5th century BC)[2][3][4][5]
- Virgil Aldrich (1903–1998)[3]
- Yohanan ben Isaac Alemanno (1433–1504)[2][4]
- Alexander of Aphrodisias (2nd century)[1][2][4][5]
- Alexander of Hales (died 1245)[1][2][4]
- Samuel Alexander (1859–1938)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)[2][3][4][5]
- Antonio Aliotta (1881–1964)[2]
- Archibald Alison (1757–1839)[2][4]
- Abd al-Jabiri (1935—2010)[2]
- Abdullah al-Qasemi (1907–1996)
- William Alston (1921–2009)[1][2][3]
- Johannes Althusius (1557–1638)[2]
- Louis Althusser (1918–1990)[1][3][4][5]
- Robert Alyngton (died 1398)[5]
- B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956)[4]
- Ambrose (c. 340–397)[1]
- Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Ibn Yusuf al-'Amiri (died 992)[4]
- Mahdi Amel (1936–1987)
- Ammonius Hermiae (5th century)[4][5]
- Ammonius Saccas (3rd century)[1]
- André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836)[2]
- Anton Wilhelm Amo (1703–c. 1759)[4]
- Anaxagoras (died 462 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Anaxarchus (fl. 340 BC)[4]
- Anaximander (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC)[1][2][3][4]
- Anaximenes of Miletus (6th century BC)[1][2][3][4]
- Alan Ross Anderson (1925–1973)[3]
- John Anderson (1893–1962)[2][3][4][5]
- Perry Anderson (born 1938)
- Ando Shoeki (1703–1762)[2]
- Stephen Pearl Andrews (1812–1886)[2]
- Andronicus of Rhodes (c. 70 BC)[1]
- Peter Annet (1693–1769)[2]
- Anniceris (fl. 300 BC)[1]
- G. E. M. Anscombe (1918–2001)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Anselm (1034–1109)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 130–68 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Antiphon (480–403 BC)[2][4]
- Antisthenes (c. 444–365)[3][2][4]
- Karl-Otto Apel (1922–2017)[2]
- Apuleius (c. 123–c. 180)[4]
- Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Isaac ben Moses Arama (1420–1494)[4]
- Arcesilaus (316–241 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Archytas (428–347 BC)[1][2][4][5]
- Roberto Ardigò (1828–1920)[2]
- Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Aristippus of Cyrene (c. 435–366 BC)[2][3][4]
- Aristo of Chios (fl. 250 BC)[2][4]
- Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Arius (256–336)[2]
- Mohammed Arkoun (1928–2010)[2]
- Jacobus Arminius (1560–1609)[1][2]
- David Malet Armstrong (1926–2014)[1][2][3][4]
- Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Matthew Arnold (1822–1888)[2]
- Kenneth Arrow (1921–2017)[3]
- Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus (1894–1975)[4]
- Mary Astell (1666–1731)[1][2][4][5]
- Athanasius of Alexandria (298–373)[1]
- Pandurang Shastri Athavale (1920–2003)
- Gwenaëlle Aubry (born 1971)
- Augustine of Hippo (354–430)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Marcus Aurelius (121–180)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Peter Aureol (c. 1280–1322)[2][4][5]
- Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950)[3][4]
- John Austin (1790–1859)[1][2][3][4][5]
- John Langshaw Austin (1911–1960)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Richard Avenarius (1843–1896)[1][2][3][4]
- Averroes (or Ibn Rushd), (1126–1198)[1][2][3][4]
- Avicenna (or Ibn Sina), (980–1037)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Kostas Axelos (1924–2010)
- Lyubov Axelrod (1868–1946)
- Alfred Jules Ayer (1910–1989)[1][2][3][4][5]
B
- Ba Jin (1904–2005)[2]
- Franz Xaver von Baader (1765–1841)[2]
- Charles Babbage (1791–1871)[1]
- Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962)[1][2][3][4]
- Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815–1887)[2]
- Hans-Georg Backhaus (born 1929)[2]
- Francis Bacon (1561–1626)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Roger Bacon (1214–1294)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Alain Badiou (born 1937) [1]
- Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (1080–1165)[4]
- Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231)[5]
- Sergio Bagú (1911–2002)
- Annette Baier (1929–2012)[3]
- Kurt Baier (1917–2010)[3]
- James Black Baillie (1873–1940)[2]
- Alexander Bain (1818–1903)[1][3]
- Karl Friedrich Bahrdt (1741–1792)[2]
- Lynne Rudder Baker (1944–2017)[2]
- Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975)[1][2][3][4]
- Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876)[1][2][3][4]
- Arthur Balfour (1848–1930)[2]
- John Balguy (1686–1748)[2]
- Étienne Balibar (born 1942)
- Domingo Báñez (1528–1604)[1][2][4]
- Antonio Banfi (1886–1957)[2]
- Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi (1070–1136)[4]
- Jonathan Barnes (born 1942)[3]
- Brian Barry (1936–2009)[3]
- Karl Barth (1886–1968)[2][3][4]
- Roland Barthes (1915–1980)[1][2][4]
- Bartolus de Saxoferrato (1313–1357)[4]
- Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724–1790)[2]
- Basilides (c. 117–138)[1]
- Georges Bataille (1897–1962)[1][2][4]
- Charles Batteux (1713–1780)[2]
- Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007) [2][4][5]
- Bruno Bauer (1809–1882)[2][3][4][5]
- David Baumgardt (1890–1963)[4]
- Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762)[1][2][4]
- Pierre Bayle (1647–1706)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Monroe Beardsley (1915–1985)[2]
- James Beattie (1735–1803)[1][2][4]
- Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria (1738–1794)[1][2]
- Jakob Sigismund Beck (1761–1840)[2][4]
- Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848)[2][4]
- Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621)[2]
- Nuel Belnap (born 1930)[3]
- Gustave Belot (1859–1929)
- Aaron Ben-Ze'ev (born 1949)
- David Benatar (born 1966)
- Dirk Benedict (born 1945)
- Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798–1854)[1][2]
- Walter Benjamin (1892–1940)[2][3][4][5]
- Gottfried Benn (1886–1956)[2]
- Jonathan Bennett (born 1930)[2][3]
- Daniel Bensaïd (1946–2010)
- Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Richard Bentley (1662–1742)[4]
- Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948)[1][2][3][4]
- Gustav Bergmann (1906–1987)[1][2][3]
- Henri Bergson (1859–1941)[1][2][3][4][5]
- George Berkeley (1685–1753)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Claude Bernard (1813–1878)[2]
- Bernard of Chartres (died 1130)[1][2]
- Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)[1][2][4]
- Bernard Silvestris (or Bernard of Tours), (1147–1178)[2][4]
- François Bernier (1620–1688)[4]
- Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932)[4]
- Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1901–1972)[2]
- Bessarion (1403–1472)[5]
- Bhartrhari (5th century)[4]
- Gabriel Biel (1425–1495)[2][4]
- Georg Bernhard Bilfinger (1693–1750)[2]
- Alfred Binet (1857–1911)[2]
- Ludwig Binswanger (1881–1966)[2]
- Max Black (1909–1988)[2][3]
- Simon Blackburn (born 1944)[3]
- William Blackstone (1723–1780)[4]
- Hugh Blair (1718–1800)[4]
- William Blake (1757–1827)[2]
- Maurice Blanchot (1907–2003)[2][4]
- Louis Auguste Blanqui (1805–1881)
- Brand Blanshard (1892–1987)[2][3]
- Blasius of Parma (or Biagio Pelacani da Parma), (1345–1416)[4]
- Ernst Bloch (1885–1977)[1][2][3][4]
- Ned Block (born 1942)[3]
- Maurice Blondel (1861–1949)[1][2]
- Charles Blount (1654–1693)[2]
- Norberto Bobbio (1909–2004)[3][4]
- Jean Bodin (1530–1596)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (AD 480–524/525)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Boetius of Dacia (c. 1240–c. 1280)[2][4][5]
- Leonardo Boff (born 1938)
- Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928)[3][4]
- Grace Lee Boggs (1915–2015)
- Jakob Böhme (1575–1624)[1][2][4]
- David Bohm (1917–1992)[2]
- Niels Bohr (1885–1962)[2][3][4]
- Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1636–1711)[2]
- Samuel Bold (1649–1737)[4]
- Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751)[2]
- Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)[1][2][3]
- Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald (1754–1840)[2]
- Francesco Bonatelli (1830–1911)[2]
- Bonaventure (1221–1274)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945)[2][4]
- Charles Bonnet (1720–1793)[2][4]
- George Boole (1815–1864)[2][3][4][5]
- Amadeo Bordiga (1889–1970)
- Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Rudjer Boscovich (1711–1787)[1][2]
- Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002)[4]
- Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704)[2]
- Christopher Jacob Boström (1797–1866)[2]
- Henri de Boulainvilliers (1658–1722)[2]
- Emile Boutroux (1845–1921)[4]
- Oets Kolk Bouwsma (1898–1978)[1]
- Borden Parker Bowne (1847–1910)[2][4]
- Robert Boyle (1627–1691)[1][2][3][4][5]
- F. H. Bradley (1846–1924)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290–1349)[2][4]
- Richard-Bevan Braithwaite (1900–1990)[2][3]
- Richard B. Brandt (1910–1997)[1][2][3]
- Ray Brassier, (born 1965)
- Franz Brentano (1838–1917)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)[2][3][4]
- Edgar S. Brightman (1884–1953)[2][3]
- Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826)[3]
- Richard Brinkley (fl. 1350–1373)[4]
- Radulphus Brito (c. 1270–c. 1320)[4][5]
- C. D. Broad (1887–1971)[1][2][3][4][5]
- David H.M. Brooks (1950–1996)
- Thom Brooks (born 1973)
- Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (1881–1966)[1][2][3][5]
- Thomas Brown (1778–1820)[2][4]
- Peter Browne (1666–1735)[4]
- Orestes Brownson (1803–1876)[2][3]
- Emil Brunner (1889–1966)[2][4]
- Giordano Bruno (1548–1600)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Leon Brunschvicg (1869–1944)[1][2][3][4]
- James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce (1838–1922)[4]
- Martin Buber (1878–1965)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Justus Buchler (1914–1991)[3]
- Ludwig Büchner (1824–1899)[4]
- Henry Thomas Buckle (1821–1862)[2]
- Malcolm Budd (born 1941)[3]
- Johann Franz Buddeus (1667–1729)[2]
- Buddhaghosa (5th century)[1]
- Claude Buffier (1661–1737)[4]
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707–1788)[2][4]
- Nikolai Bukharin (1888–1938)
- Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov (1871–1944)[2][4]
- Edward Bullough (1880–1934)[2]
- Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976)[2][3][4]
- Mario Bunge (1919–2020)
- Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897)[2][3]
- Tyler Burge (born 1946)[3]
- Jean Buridan (1300–1358)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Edmund Burke (1729–1797)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Walter Burley (c. 1275–c. 1345)[1][2][4][5]
- Myles Frederic Burnyeat (1939–2019)[3]
- Richard Burthogge (1638–1704)[2][4]
- Joseph Butler (1692–1752)[1][2][3][4]
- Judith Butler (born 1956)
- Samuel Butler (1835–1902)[2][3]
C
- Pierre Jean George Cabanis (1757–1808)[2][4]
- Étienne Cabet (1788–1856)
- Amílcar Cabral (1924–1973)[4]
- Edward Caird (1835–1908)[1][2]
- Dorion Cairns (1901–1973)[2]
- Thomas Cajetan (1469–1534)[1][3][4]
- Calcidius (4th century)[4]
- Mario Calderoni (1879–1914)[2]
- Callicles (late 5th century BC)[4][5]
- John Calvin (1509–1564)[1][2][4]
- Jacques Camatte (born 1935)
- Tommaso Campanella (1568–1639)[1][2][3][4][5]
- George Campbell (1719–1796)[4]
- Norman Robert Campbell (1880–1949)[1][2][4]
- Albert Camus (1913–1960)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Georges Canguilhem (1904–1995)[1]
- Georg Cantor (1845–1918)[1][2][3][4]
- Ángel Cappelletti (1927–1995)
- Johannes Capreolus (1380–1444)[2][4]
- Claudia Card (1940–2015)[2]
- Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576)[4][5]
- Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881)[1][2][4]
- Gershom Carmichael (c. 1672 – 1729)[4]
- Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Carneades (c. 214 – 129 BC)[2][3][4][5]
- Edward Carpenter (1844–1929)
- Lewis Carroll (1832–1898)[1][2][3][4]
- Nancy Cartwright (born 1943)[2][3]
- Carl Gustav Carus (1789–1869)[2]
- Paul Carus (1852–1919)[2]
- Antonio Caso (1883–1946)[2]
- Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Hector-Neri Castañeda (1924–1991)[1]
- Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997)
- Carlo Cattaneo (1801–1869)[2][4]
- Christopher Caudwell (1907–1937)
- Jean Cavaillès (1903–1944)
- Stanley Cavell (1926–2018)[1][2][3][4]
- Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673)[1][2][4][5]
- Celsus of Alexandria (2nd century)[1][2][4]
- Michel de Certeau (1925–1986)[4]
- Pyotr Chaadaev (1794–1856)[2][4]
- Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927)[2]
- Chanakya (or Kautilya) (321–296 BC)[4]
- Chang Hsueh-ch'eng (or Zhang Xuecheng) (1738–1801)[1]
- Chang Tsai (or Zhang Zai), (1020–1077)[4]
- William Ellery Channing (1780–1842)[2]
- Walter Charleton (1619–1707)[4]
- Pierre Charron (1541–1603)[1][2][4]
- José Chasin (1937–1998)
- François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848)[2]
- François Châtelet (1925–1985)
- Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (1918–1993)
- Walter Chatton (1290–1343)[2][4][5]
- Ch'en Hsien-chang (1428–1500)[1]
- Cheng Hao (or Ch'eng Ming-Tao) (1032–1085)[1][2][4]
- Cheng Hsuan (or Zheng Xuan) (127–200)[4]
- Cheng Yi (or Ch'eng Yi Chu'an) (1033–1107)[1][2][4]
- Nikolai Chernyshevsky (1828–1889)[2][4]
- Chia Yi (or Jia Yi or Chia I) (201–169 BC)[1][4]
- Chiao Hung (1540–1620)[1]
- Boris Chicherin (1828–1904)[2]
- Ch'ien Mu (1895–1990)[1]
- Chih Tun (or Zhi Dun) (314–366)[4]
- William Chillingworth (1602–1644)[4]
- Roderick Chisholm (1916–1999)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Noam Chomsky (born 1928)[1][2][3][4]
- Tasan Chông Yagyong (1762–1836)[4]
- Chou Tun-Yi (or Zhou Dunyi or Chou Lien-Hsi or Zhou Lianxi) (1017–1073)[1][4]
- Christine de Pizan (c. 1365 – c. 1430)[4]
- Chrysippus (279–207 BC)[3][2][4]
- Thomas Chubb (1679–1747)[2]
- Alonzo Church (1903–1995)[1][2][3][4]
- Patricia Churchland (born 1943)[1]
- Paul Churchland (born 1942)[1][3]
- Leon Chwistek (1884–1944)[2]
- Cicero (106 – 43 BC)[1][2][3][4]
- August Cieszkowski (1814–1894)[4]
- Emil Cioran (1911–1995)
- Hélène Cixous (born 1937)[2][4]
- Clarembald of Arras (1110–1187)[4]
- Samuel Clarke (1675–1729)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Johannes Clauberg (1622–1665)[2][4]
- Cleanthes (301–232 BC)[2][4]
- Clement of Alexandria (2nd–3rd century)[1][2][4]
- Catherine Clément (born 1939)[1][2][4]
- Cleomedes (2nd century)[4]
- William Kingdon Clifford (1845–1879)[1][2][3]
- Catherine Trotter Cockburn (1679–1749)[1][2][4][5]
- Lorraine Code (born 1937)[2]
- G.A. Cohen (1941–2009)[3]
- Hermann Cohen (1842–1918)[1][2][3][4][5]
- L. Jonathan Cohen (1923–2006)[3]
- Morris Raphael Cohen (1880–1947)[2]
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)[2][3][4]
- John Colet (1466–1519)[2]
- Lucio Colletti (1924–2001)[3]
- Arthur Collier (1680–1732)[1][2][4]
- R. G. Collingwood (1889–1943)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Anthony Collins (1676–1729)[2][3][4][5]
- John Comenius (1592–1670)[2][3][4]
- Auguste Comte (1798–1857)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715–1780)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794)[1][2][4]
- Confucius (551 – 479 BC)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Benjamin Constant (1767–1830)[1][3][4]
- Lady Anne Finch Conway (1631–1679)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Anna J. Cooper (1858–1964)[5]
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)[2][3][4][5]
- Henry Corbin (1903–1978)[2]
- Geraud de Cordemoy (1626–1684)[1][2][4][5]
- Moses ben Jacob Cordovero (1522–1570)[2]
- Maurice Cornforth (1909–1980)
- Carlos Cossio (1903–1987)
- Newton da Costa (born 1929)
- Uriel da Costa (1585–1640)[2]
- Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877)[1][2][4]
- Victor Cousin (1792–1867)[1][2][4]
- Louis Couturat (1868–1914)[1][2][3]
- Crates of Thebes (c. 365 – c. 285 BC)
- William Crathorn (14th century)[4][5]
- Cratylus (c. 400 BC)[2][3][4]
- James Edwin Creighton (1861–1924)[2]
- Hasdai Crescas (c. 1340–1410)[1][2][3][4][5]
- Benedetto Croce (1866–1952)[1][2][3][4]
- Alexander Crummell (1819–1898)[5]
- Christian August Crusius (1715–1775)[1][2][4]
- Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688)[2][3][4]
- Nathaniel Culverwel (1619–1651)[2][4]
- Richard Cumberland (1631?–1718)[1][2][4]
- Cyrano de Bergerac (1619–1655)[2]
- Heinrich Czolbe (1819–1873)[1]
Notes
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. September 30, 2020.