List of endangered plants

In September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed 3654 endangered plant species.[1] Of all evaluated plant species, 17% are listed as endangered. The IUCN also lists 99 subspecies and 101 varieties as endangered. No subpopulations of plants have been evaluated by the IUCN.

45 extinct in the wild plant species (0.1%)5702 critically endangered plant species (8.6%)10901 endangered plant species (16.4%)9673 vulnerable plant species (14.5%)4160 near threatened plant species (6.3%)30554 least concern plant species (45.9%)5371 data deficient plant species (8.1%)
Plant species (IUCN, 2023-1)
  • 66,406 extant species have been evaluated
  • 61,035 of those are fully assessed[a]
  • 34,588 are not threatened at present[b]
  • 26,276 are threatened[c]
  • 174 are extinct or extinct in the wild:
    • 129 extinct (EX) species[d]
    • 45 extinct in the wild (EW)
    • 569 possibly extinct [CR(PE)]
    • 48 possibly extinct in the wild [CR(PEW)]

Endangered (EN) species are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

For a species to be considered endangered by the IUCN it must meet certain quantitative criteria which are designed to classify taxa facing "a very high risk of extinction". An even higher risk is faced by critically endangered species, which meet the quantitative criteria for endangered species. Critically endangered plants are listed separately. There are 6147 plant species which are endangered or critically endangered.

Additionally 1674 plant species (7.6% of those evaluated) are listed as data deficient, meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN.[2] While the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed".[3]

This is a complete list of endangered plant species, subspecies and varieties evaluated by the IUCN.

There are 29 bryophyte species assessed as endangered.

There are 67 species and one subspecies of pteridophyte assessed as endangered.

There are 61 species and one subspecies in the class Polypodiopsida assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Pteris albersii subsp. albersii
  • Isoetes boryana, Gascoyne quillwort
  • Isoetes capensis
  • Isoetes fluitans, river quillwort
  • Isoetes panchganiensis

There are 163 species, seven subspecies, and 29 varieties of gymnosperm assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Encephalartos barteri subsp. allochrous

Species

Subspecies

  • Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani, Kazdagi fir
  • Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana, Mexican spruce
  • Pinus cembroides subsp. orizabensis, Orizaba pinyon
  • Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata
  • Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica
  • Pinus pinaster subsp. renoui

Varieties

  • Abies guatemalensis var. guatemalensis
  • Abies hickelii var. hickelii
  • Abies hickelii var. oaxacana
  • Abies pinsapo var. marocana, Moroccan fir
  • Abies pinsapo var. pinsapo
  • Cephalotaxus harringtonii var. wilsoniana, Taiwan plum yew
  • Cupressus arizonica var. nevadensis
  • Cupressus goveniana var. goveniana
  • Cupressus guadalupensis var. forbesii
  • Cupressus guadalupensis var. guadalupensis
  • Juniperus deppeana var. zacatecensis
  • Juniperus gracilior var. gracilior
  • Juniperus gracilior var. urbaniana
  • Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana
  • Larix decidua var. polonica
  • Picea alcoquiana var. acicularis
  • Picea alcoquiana var. reflexa
  • Picea asperata var. notabilis
  • Picea likiangensis var. hirtella
  • Picea maximowiczii var. maximowiczii
  • Pinus armandii var. mastersiana
  • Pinus caribaea var. caribaea
  • Pinus greggii var. australis
  • Pinus radiata var. radiata, Cambria pine
  • Pinus strobus var. chiapensis
  • Podocarpus madagascariensis var. procerus
  • Podocarpus sellowii var. sellowii
  • Torreya fargesii var. fargesii
  • Torreya fargesii var. yunnanensis
  • Gnetum oxycarpum

There are 2770 species, 81 subspecies, and 70 varieties of dicotyledon assessed as endangered.

There are 51 species in the order Piperales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Clermontia arborescens subsp. arborescens
  • Cyanea copelandii subsp. haleakalaensis
  • Cyanea macrostegia subsp. gibsonii
  • Wahlenbergia pulchella subsp. laurentii
  • Wahlenbergia pulchella subsp. michelii

There are 174 species, 12 subspecies, and two varieties in Theales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Dipterocarpus caudatus subsp. penangianus
  • Dryobalanops oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia
  • Dryobalanops oblongifolia subsp. occidentalis
  • Shorea agamii subsp. agamii
  • Shorea macroptera subsp. baillonii
  • Shorea macroptera subsp. macropterifolia
  • Shorea ovalis subsp. ovalis
  • Shorea parvifolia subsp. parvifolia
  • Shorea parvifolia subsp. velutina
  • Vatica oblongifolia subsp. multinervosa
  • Vatica odorata subsp. mindanensis

Species

Varieties

  • Cleyera japonica var. grandiflora

Species

Subspecies

  • Hypericum socotranum subsp. socotranum

Varieties

  • Clusia havetioides var. pauciflora

Other Theales species

Species

Varieties

  • Allantospermum borneense var. rostratrum

There are 67 species, four subspecies, and one variety in the order Malvales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus, white Molokai hibiscus
  • Hibiscus brackenridgei subsp. brackenridgei
  • Hibiscus brackenridgei subsp. mokuleianus
  • Hibiscus kokio subsp. saintjohnianus, Saint John's rosemallow

Species

Varieties

  • Mansonia altissima var. altissima

Species

Subspecies

  • Eschweilera piresii subsp. piresii

Species

Subspecies

  • Bunchosia diphylla subsp. brevisurcularis

Varieties

  • Acridocarpus alopecurus var. machaeropterus

Species

Subspecies

  • Sambucus nigra subsp. palmensis

Varieties

  • Viburnum villosum var. subdentatum
  • Armeria pseudarmeria
  • Armeria soleirolii
  • Limonium bahamense, heather
  • Limonium fruticans
  • Limonium legrandii
  • Limonium poimenum
  • Limonium preauxii
  • Limonium strictissimum

Species

Subspecies

  • Leptactina delagoensis subsp. bussei
  • Oxyanthus pyriformis subsp. longitubus

Varieties

  • Ixora oligantha var. opuloides
  • Psychotria nilgiriensis var. astephana

There are 68 species, one subspecies, and one variety in Violales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Xylosma suaveolens subsp. haroldii

Species

Varieties

  • Paropsia grewioides var. orientalis

Other Violales species

There are 93 species, four subspecies, and 15 varieties in Euphorbiales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Euphorbia cylindrifolia subsp. cylindrifolia
  • Euphorbia skottsbergii subsp. skottsbergii
  • Necepsia castaneifolia subsp. chirindica
  • Necepsia castaneifolia subsp. kimbozensis

Varieties

  • Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii
  • Drypetes usambarica var. stylosa
  • Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana
  • Euphorbia decaryi var. decaryi
  • Euphorbia duranii var. duranii
  • Euphorbia greenwayi var. breviaculeata
  • Euphorbia mahafalensis var. mahafalensis
  • Euphorbia milii var. bevilanensis
  • Euphorbia milii var. vulcanii
  • Euphorbia perrieri var. elongata
  • Euphorbia perrieri var. perrieri
  • Euphorbia primulifolia var. begardii
  • Glochidion ellipticum var. ralphii
  • Jatropha hildebrandtii var. hildebrandtii
  • Phyllanthus aeneus var. nepouiensis

There are 67 species, two subspecies, and two varieties in the order Laurales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Hernandia moerenhoutiana subsp. elliptica

Species

Subspecies

  • Apollonias barbujana subsp. ceballosi

Varieties

  • Actinodaphne campanulata var. obtusa
  • Litsea pierrei var. szemois

There are 95 species, one subspecies, and two varieties in Ebenales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Symplocos pulchra subsp. coriacea

Varieties

  • Symplocos diversifolia var. appressa
  • Symplocos diversifolia var. diversifolia
  • Diospyros acuta
  • Diospyros alboflavescens
  • Diospyros attenuata
  • Diospyros crassiflora
  • Diospyros crumenata
  • Diospyros ebenoides
  • Diospyros esmereg
  • Diospyros gillisonii
  • Diospyros insularis
  • Diospyros korupensis
  • Diospyros kotoensis
  • Diospyros magogoana
  • Diospyros nummulariifolia
  • Diospyros onanae
  • Diospyros oppositifolia
  • Diospyros philippinensis
  • Diospyros shimbaensis

There are 43 species in the order Celastrales assessed as endangered.

  • Dichapetalum potamophilum

There are 227 species, four subspecies, and ten varieties in the order Myrtales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Eugenia cotinifolia subsp. codyensis
  • Eugenia mabaeoides subsp. mabaeoides
  • Eugenia mabaeoides subsp. pedunculata
  • Syzygium cordatum subsp. shimbaense

Varieties

  • Campomanesia sessiliflora var. sessiliflora
  • Pimenta racemosa var. terebinthina
  • Syzygium assimile var. acuminata
  • Syzygium zeylanicum var. ellipticum

Species

Varieties

  • Clidemia crossosepala var. adamsii
  • Gravesia pulchra var. glandulosa
  • Gravesia pulchra var. pulchra
  • Miconia quadrangularis var. glandulosa
  • Mouriri emarginata var. rostrata

Species

Varieties

  • Nesaea parkeri var. parkeri

There are 121 species, three subspecies, and seven varieties in the order Sapindales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Esenbeckia berlandieri subsp. litoralis
  • Zanthoxylum fagara subsp. aguilarii

Varieties

  • Picrella trifoliata var. gracilis
  • Picrella trifoliata var. gracillima
  • Vepris morogorensis var. subalata

Species

Varieties

  • Eriocoelum pungens var. inermis

Species

Varieties

  • Nothopegia beddomei var. wynaadica

Species

Subspecies

  • Trichilia lepidota subsp. lepidota

Species

Varieties

  • Santiria rubiginosa var. pedicellata

Other Sapindales

Species

Varieties

  • Ailanthus altissima var. tanakai

Species

Subspecies

  • Bidens micrantha subsp. kalealaha
  • Dubautia knudsenii subsp. filiformis, Knudsen's dubautia
  • Dubautia knudsenii subsp. knudsenii
  • Dubautia knudsenii subsp. nagatae
  • Senecio lagascanus subsp. lusitanicus

Varieties

  • Scalesia microcephala var. cordifolia
  • Scalesia microcephala var. microcephala
  • Urbananthus critoniformis var. pubescens

There are 166 species and six subspecies in the order Magnoliales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Magnolia cubensis subsp. cacuminicola
  • Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis
  • Magnolia cubensis subsp. turquinensis

Species

Subspecies

  • Greenwayodendron suaveolens subsp. usambaricum

Species

Subspecies

  • Myristica beddomei subsp. sphaerocarpa
  • Myristica beddomei subsp. ustulata

There are 30 species in Capparales assessed as endangered.

There are 63 species and one variety in the order Apiales assessed as endangered.

Species

Varieties

  • Polyscias sechellarum var. sechellarum
  • Angelica adzharica, Adjarian angelica
  • Angelica glauca
  • Astrantia colchica, Colchic masterwort
  • Berula burchellii, dwarf jellico
  • Bilacunaria caspia, Caspian bilacunaria
  • Bupleurum euphorbioides
  • Bupleurum handiense
  • Bupleurum schistosum, divided thoroughwax
  • Carum asinorum
  • Carum komarovii, Komarov's caraway
  • Cryptotaenia calycina
  • Cryptotaenia polygama
  • Eryngium galioides
  • Eryngium viviparum
  • Ferula sadleriana
  • Heracleum egrissicum, Egrissian cow-parsnip
  • Hydrocotyle conferta
  • Laserpitium affine, similar laserwort
  • Lefebvrea camerunensis, synonym of Lefebvrea angustisecta
  • Petagnaea gussonei
  • Pimpinella tirupatiensis
  • Polylophium panjutinii, Panjutin's polylophium
  • Seseli intricatum

There are 64 species and two varieties in the order Gentianales assessed as endangered.

Species

Varieties

  • Carissa edulis var. sechellensis

Species

Varieties

  • Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis

There are 77 species, four subspecies, and four varieties in the order Rosales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Brunellia comocladifolia subsp. boyacensis
  • Brunellia littlei subsp. caucana

Species

Varieties

  • Geissois ternata var. minor

Species

Subspecies

  • Prunus lusitanica subsp. azorica
  • Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica

Varieties

  • Photinia serratifolia var. tomentosa

Other Rosales

Species

Varieties

  • Grevea eggelingii var. echinocarpa
  • Grevea eggelingii var. keniensis

There are 21 species in Primulales assessed as endangered.

  • Primula palinuri

Species

Varieties

  • Rhamnus capraeifolia var. matudai

There are 24 species, one subspecies, and three varieties in Urticales assessed as endangered.

Species

Varieties

  • Boehmeria australis var. dealbata

Species

Subspecies

  • Brosimum utile subsp. magdalenense

Varieties

  • Dorstenia holstii var. holstii
  • Ficus cotinifolia var. hondurensis

There are 216 species, 11 subspecies, and two varieties in the order Scrophulariales assessed as endangered.

Species

Varieties

  • Chionanthus caymanensis var. longipetala
  • Chionanthus leprocarpa var. courtallensis

Species

Subspecies

  • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. nitida
  • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. orbicularis
  • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. velutina
  • Streptocarpus albus subsp. albus
  • Streptocarpus albus subsp. edwardsii
  • Streptocarpus heckmannianus subsp. gracilis
  • Streptocarpus heckmannianus subsp. heckmannianus

Species

  • Acanthus austromontanus
  • Angkalanthus oligophylla
  • Anisosepalum lewallei
  • Anisotes spectabilis
  • Anisotes tangensis
  • Anisotes ukambensis
  • Anisotes umbrosus
  • Anisotes zenkeri
  • Aphelandra azuayensis
  • Aphelandra cinnabarina
  • Aphelandra galba
  • Aphelandra guayasii
  • Aphelandra harlingii
  • Aphelandra loxensis
  • Aphelandra phaina
  • Asystasia linearis
  • Asystasia lorata
  • Asystasia schliebenii
  • Asystasia tanzaniensis
  • Barleria amanensis
  • Barleria aristata
  • Barleria brevituba
  • Barleria decaisniana
  • Barleria dulcis
  • Barleria faulknerae
  • Barleria insolita
  • Barleria laceratiflora
  • Barleria laeta
  • Barleria leandrii
  • Barleria limnogeton
  • Barleria longipes
  • Barleria lukei
  • Barleria maculata
  • Barleria penelopeana
  • Barleria perrieri
  • Barleria popovii
  • Barleria pseudosomalia
  • Barleria vollesenii
  • Barleria whytei
  • Blepharis crinita
  • Blepharis ilicifolia
  • Blepharis kenyensis
  • Blepharis maculata
  • Blepharis pusilla
  • Blepharis tanzaniensis
  • Brachystephanus laxispicatus
  • Brachystephanus roseus
  • Brillantaisia richardsiae
  • Brillantaisia stenopteris
  • Cephalophis lukei
  • Chlamydocardia subrhomboidea
  • Crabbea longipes
  • Crossandra cephalostachya
  • Crossandra humbertii
  • Crossandra isaloensis
  • Crossandra nobilis
  • Crossandra obanensis
  • Crossandra pilosa
  • Crossandra poissonii
  • Crossandra quadridentata
  • Cystacanthus affinis
  • Dicliptera cicatricosa
  • Dicliptera cordibracteata
  • Dicliptera grandiflora
  • Dicliptera napierae
  • Dischistocalyx champluvieranus
  • Duosperma latifolium
  • Duosperma porotoense
  • Duosperma trachyphyllum
  • Dyschoriste kitongaensis
  • Dyschoriste nyassica
  • Dyschoriste sinica
  • Ecbolium benoistii
  • Heteradelphia paulojaegeria
  • Hygrophila albobracteata
  • Hygrophila mediatrix
  • Hygrophila richardsiae
  • Isoglossa anisophylla
  • Isoglossa bondwaensis
  • Isoglossa candelabrum
  • Isoglossa faulknerae
  • Isoglossa oreacanthoides
  • Isoglossa variegata
  • Isoglossa ventricosa
  • Justicia beloperonoides
  • Justicia breviracemosa
  • Justicia euosmia
  • Justicia faulknerae
  • Justicia leucoxiphos
  • Justicia mariae
  • Justicia niassensis
  • Justicia obtusicapsula
  • Justicia petterssonii
  • Justicia pinensis
  • Justicia roseobracteata
  • Justicia takhinensis
  • Justicia telloensis
  • Justicia tenuipes
  • Kudoacanthus albonervosus
  • Lepidagathis madagascariensis
  • Lepidagathis mucida
  • Lepidagathis plantaginea
  • Lepidagathis pseudoaristata
  • Mellera congdonii
  • Mimulopsis macrantha
  • Neuracanthus aculeatus
  • Odontonema laxum
  • Phaulopsis pulchella
  • Physacanthus talbotii
  • Podorungia lantzei
  • Podorungia serotina
  • Pseuderanthemum usambarense
  • Sclerochiton preussii
  • Staurogyne pseudocapitata
  • Staurogyne sichuanica
  • Stenandrium thomense
  • Stenostephanus asplundii
  • Stenostephanus harlingii
  • Stenostephanus laxus
  • Thunbergia rufescens

Subspecies

  • Barleria polhillii subsp. latiloba
  • Duosperma longicalyx subsp. magadiense
  • Duosperma longicalyx subsp. mkomaziense
  • Neuracanthus tephrophyllus subsp. tsavoensis

There are 55 species and three subspecies in the order Lamiales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Echium decaisnei subsp. purpuriense
  • Echium onosmifolium subsp. spectabile
  • Omphalodes littoralis subsp. gallaecica
  • Lindernia manilaliana
  • Lindernia minima

There are 17 species, three subspecies, and one variety in Nepenthales assessed as endangered.

Subspecies

Varieties

  • Sarracenia purpurea var. montana, purple pitcherplant
  • Atraphaxis muschketowi, shrubby buckwheat
  • Calligonum matteianum
  • Calligonum molle
  • Coccoloba proctorii
  • Coccoloba rugosa
  • Rumex algeriensis
  • Rumex bithynicus

Species

Subspecies

  • Ceratonia oreothauma subsp. somalensis
  • Craibia brevicaudata subsp. burttii
  • Inga exalata subsp. umbilicata
  • Inga multijuga subsp. aestuariorum
  • Leobordea adpressa subsp. leptantha
  • Sakoanala villosa subsp. villosa

Varieties

  • Crotalaria laburnoides var. nudicarpa
  • Dalbergia cultrata var. cultrata
  • Humboldtia unijuga var. unijuga
  • Leucaena confertiflora var. adenotheloidea
  • Microcharis microcharoides var. latistipulata

There are 214 species and one subspecies in the order Caryophyllales assessed as endangered.

  • Bassia saxicola

Species

Subspecies

  • Ariocarpus bravoanus subsp. hintonii
  • Delosperma gautengense

Species

Varieties

  • Betula pendula var. fontqueri
  • Betula pendula var. parvibracteata
  • Quercus parvula var. parvula

Other dicotyledon species

There are 625 species, ten subspecies, and two varieties of monocotyledon assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Coccothrinax crinita subsp. brevicrinis
  • Coccothrinax crinita subsp. crinita, old man

There are 245 species, four subspecies, and two varieties in Orchidales assessed as endangered.

Species

Subspecies

  • Disperis aphylla subsp. bifolia
  • Habenaria stylites subsp. stylites
  • Polystachya albescens subsp. angustifolia
  • Polystachya caespitifica subsp. caespitifica

Varieties

  • Myrmecophila thomsoniana var. minor
  • Myrmecophila thomsoniana var. thomsoniana

There are 96 species and two subspecies in the order Liliales assessed as endangered.

  • Chrysodracon fernaldii
  • Chrysodracon forbesii, Forbes' dracaena
  • Chrysodracon hawaiiensis
  • Dracaena concinna
  • Dracaena floribunda
  • Dracaena ombet, Gabal Elba dragon tree
  • Dracaena serrulata

Species

Subspecies

  • Aloe megalacantha subsp. alticola

Species

Subspecies

  • Narcissus nevadensis subsp. nevadensis, daffodil

Other Liliales species

Species

Subspecies

  • Arisaema heterocephalum subsp. heterocephalum
  • Eriocaulon anshiense
  • Eriocaulon australasicum, austral pipewort
  • Eriocaulon dalzellii
  • Eriocaulon richardianum
  • Eriocaulon selousii
  • Eriocaulon stipantepalum
  • Commelina zigzag
  • Cyanotis cupricola
  • Floscopa mannii
  • Xyris calostachys
  • Xyris pancheri

There are 55 species in Cyperales assessed as endangered.

Other monocotyledons

Species

Subspecies

  • Juncus bufonius subsp. mogadorensis

See also

Notes

References