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List of Mesopotamian dynasties

The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region.

A selection of Mesopotamian rulers: Ur-Nanshe of Lagash (top left; c. 2500 BC), Naram-Sin of Akkad (top right; c. 2254–2218 BC), Marduk-nadin-ahhe of Babylon (bottom left; c. 1095–1078 BC), and Sargon II of Assyria (bottom right; 722–705 BC)

The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III),[1] and was followed by Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Neo-Sumerian (2112–2004 BC) periods, after which Mesopotamia was most often divided between Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south. In 609 BC, after about a century of the kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruling both Assyria and Babylonia, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroyed Assyria and became the sole power in Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC initiated centuries of Iranian rule (under the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian empires), which was only briefly interrupted by the Hellenistic Argeads and Seleucids (331–141 BC) and the Roman Empire (AD 116–117).

This list follows the middle chronology, the most widely used chronology of Mesopotamian history.

Early dynastic period (c. 2900–2350 BC)

Before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC, Mesopotamia was fragmented into a number of city states. Whereas some surviving Mesopotamian documents, such as the Sumerian King List, describe this period as one where there was only one legitimate king at any one given time, and kingship was transferred from city to city sequentially, the historical reality was that there were often many political leaders at any one given time.[2] The Sumerian King List is generally not regarded as historically reliable given the exaggerated reign lengths (some rulers are described as ruling for hundreds or even thousands of years) and the fact that out of the massive amount of pre-Akkadian rulers listed in the SKL, very few are actually attested in surviving evidence from the Early Dynastic period.[3] It is considered most appropriate by modern scholars to rely solely on actual Early Dynastic sources for reconstructing historical events during the Early Dynastic period.[4] As such, the table below only lists rulers whose existence is attested by other more contemporary sources.

CenturyKishUrukUrLagashUmmaAdab
c. 2600s BCEnmebaragesi[5]Aga of Kish

Uhub
Mesilim
Meskiagnun[3]
Elulu[3]

Gilgamesh[3][5]A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug[6]
Akalamdug[6]
Mesannepada[3]
A'annepada[6]
Meskiagnun[3]
Elulu[3]
c. 2500s BCEn-hegal
Lugalshaengur
Ur-Nanshe[6]
Akurgal[6]		Pabilgagaltuku
Ush
c. 2400s BCLugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi		Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi		Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi		Eannatum[6]
Enannatum I[6]
Entemena[6]
Enannatum II[6]
Enentarzi[6]		Enakalle
Ur-Lumma
Il
Gishakidu
Edin
Meanedu
Ushurdu		Lugal-Anne-Mundu
Mug-si
E-iginimpa'e
c. 2300s BCLugal-zage-si[3]Enshakushanna
Lugal-zage-si[3]		Lugalanda[6]
Urukagina
Lugal-zage-si[3]		Lugalanda[6]
Urukagina
Lugal-zage-si[3]		Ukush
Lugal-zage-si[3]		Meskigal
Lugal-zage-si[3]

Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods (c. 2334–2004 BC)

AkkadGutiumLagashUruk / Ur
NameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRef
Sargonic dynasty
Sargonc. 2334–2279 BC[7]
Rimushc. 2278–2270 BC[7]
Manishtushuc. 2269–2255 BC[7]Second dynasty of Lagash
Naram-Sinc. 2254–2218 BC[7]Gutian dynastyLugal-ushumgalc. 2230–2210 BC
Shar-Kali-Sharric. 2217–2193 BC[7]Erridupizirc. 2220–2202 BCPuzer-Mamaaround 2210 BCFourth dynasty of Uruk
Imtac. 2202–2199 BCUr-Ningirsu Iaround 2200 BCUr-niginaround 2200 BC
Pirig-mearound 2200 BCUr-gigiraround 2200 BC
Inkishushc. 2199–2195 BC
Igigi (non-dynastic)c. 2193 BC[7]Sarlagabc. 2195–2192 BCKudauncertain
Imi (non-dynastic)c. 2192 BC[7]Shulmec. 2192–2186 BCLu-BabauncertainPuzur-iliuncertain
Nanum (non-dynastic)c. 2191 BC[7]
Ilulu (non-dynastic)c. 2190 BC[7]LugulauncertainUr-Utuuncertain
Duduc. 2189–2169 BC[7]Elulmeshc. 2186–2180 BC
Inimabakeshc. 2180–2175 BC
Igeshaushc. 2175–2169 BCKakuuncertain
Shu-turulc. 2168–2154 BC[7]Yarlagabc. 2169–2154 BC
Akkad defeated by the Gutians
Ibatec. 2154–2151 BCUr-Babac. 2157–2144 BC
Yarlac. 2151–2148 BC
Kurumc. 2148–2147 BC
Apilkinc. 2147–2144 BC
La-erabumc. 2144–2142 BCGudeac. 2144–2124 BC
Irarumc. 2142–2140 BC
Ibranumc. 2140–2139 BC
Hablumc. 2139–2137 BC
Puzur-Suenc. 2137–2130 BC
Yarlagandac. 2130–2123 BC
Si'umc. 2123–2116 BCUr-Ningirsu IIc. 2124–2119 BCFifth dynasty of Uruk
Tiriganc. 2116 BCUr-garc. 2117–2113 BCUtu-hengalc. 2119–2113 BC
Gutians defeated by Utu-Hengal of UrukThird dynasty of Ur
Nam-mahanic. 2113–2110 BCUr-Nammuc. 2112–2095 BC[8]
Lagash defeated by Ur-Nammu of UrShulgic. 2094–2047 BC[8]
Amar-Sinc. 2046–2038 BC[8]
Shu-Sinc. 2037–2029 BC[8]
Ibbi-Sinc. 2028–2004 BC[8]

Isin–Larsa and rise of Babylon (c. 2025–1750 BC)

Southern MesopotamiaNorthern Mesopotamia
IsinLarsaBabylonUrukEshnunnaAssyria
NameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRef
First dynasty of IsinDynasty of LarsaDynasty of EshnunnaPuzur-Ashur dynasty
Ishbi-Errac. 2017–1985 BC[8]Naplanumc. 2025–2005 BC[8]Ituriauncertain[9]Puzur-Ashur I[a]uncertain[10]
Emisumc. 2004–1977 BC[8]Ilushuiliauncertain[9]Shalim-ahumuncertain[10]
Shu-Ilishuc. 1984–1975 BC[8]Nurakhumuncertain[9]Ilu-shumauncertain[10]
Iddin-Daganc. 1974–1954 BC[8]Samiumc. 1976–1942 BC[8]Kirikiriuncertain[9]Erishum Ic. 1974–1935 BC[10]
Ishme-Daganc. 1953–1935 BC[8]Zabaiac. 1941–1933 BC[8]Bilalamauncertain[9]
Lipit-Eshtarc. 1934–1924 BC[8]Gungunumc. 1932–1906 BC[8]Azuzumuncertain[9]Ikunumc. 1934–1921 BC[10]
Ur-Ninurtac. 1923–1896 BC[8]Abisarec. 1905–1895 BC[8]Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I)Ipiq-Adad Iuncertain[9]Sargon Ic. 1920–1881 BC[10]
Bur-Suenc. 1895–1874 BC[8]Sumuelc. 1894–1866 BC[8]Sumu-abumc. 1894–1881 BC[11]Shiqlanumuncertain[9]
Lipit-Enlilc. 1873–1869 BC[8]Abdi-Erahuncertain[9]Puzur-Ashur IIc. 1880–1873 BC[10]
Erra-imittic. 1868–1861 BC[8]Nur-Adadc. 1865–1850 BC[8]Sumu-la-Elc. 1880–1845 BC[11]Sixth dynasty of UrukBelakumuncertain[9]
Enlil-banic. 1860–1837 BC[8]Sin-Iddinamc. 1849–1843 BC[8]Sin-kashiduncertain[12]Warassauncertain[9]Naram-Sinc. 1872–1829 BC[10]
Zambiyac. 1836–1834 BC[8]Sin-Eribamc. 1842–1841 BC[8]Sabiumc. 1844–1831 BC[11]Sin-eribamuncertain[12]Ibal-pi-El Iuncertain[9]
Iter-pishac. 1833–1831 BC[8]Sin-Iqishamc. 1840–1836 BC[8]Sin-gamiluncertain[12]Ipiq-Adad IIuncertain[9]
Silli-Adadc. 1835 BC[8]Anamuncertain[12]Naram-Sinuncertain[9]
Ur-du-kugac. 1830–1828 BC[8]Warad-Sinc. 1834–1823 BC[13]Irdaneneuncertain[12]Dadushauncertain[9]
Suen-magirc. 1827–1817 BC[8]Rim-Sin I[b]c. 1822–1763 BC[13]Apil-Sinc. 1830–1813 BC[11]Rim-Anumuncertain[12]Ibal-pi-El IIc. 1762 BC[9]Erishum IIc. 1828–1809 BC[10]
Shamshi-Adad dynasty
Damiq-ilishuc. 1816–1794 BC[8]Sin-Muballitc. 1812–1793 BC[11]Nabi-ilishuc. 1802 BC[12]Shamshi-Adad Ic. 1808–1776 BC[10]
Isin defeated by Rim-Sin I of Larsa
Hammurabic. 1792–1750 BC[11]Uruk defeated by Hammurabi of BabylonEshnunna defeated by Siwepalarhuhpak of ElamIshme-Dagan Ic. 1775–1735 BC[10]
Larsa defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon

Fragmentation of Babylonia (c. 1749–1475 BC)

Southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia)Northern Mesopotamia
BabylonKassitesSealandAssyria
NameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRefNameReignRef
Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I; continued)Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)First Sealand dynasty (Dynasty II)Shamshi-Adad dynasty (continued)
Samsu-ilunac. 1749–1712 BC[11]Gandashc. 1729–1704 BC[14]Ilum-ma-ilic. 1725–? BC[15]Mut-Ashkuruncertain[16]
Rimushuncertain[16]
Abi-Eshuhc. 1711–1684 BC[11]Agum Ic. 1703–1682 BC[14]Itti-ili-nibiuncertain[15]Asinumuncertain[16]
Seven usurpers
Ashur-duguluncertain[16]
Ashur-apla-idi[16]
Nasir-Sin[16]
Sin-namir[16]
Ipqi-Ishtar[16]
Adad-salulu[16]
Adasi[16]
Adaside dynasty
Damqi-ilishuuncertain[15]Bel-banic. 1700–1691 BC[16]
Kashtiliash Ic. 1681–1660 BC[14]Libayac. 1691–1674 BC[16]
Ammi-Ditanac. 1683–1647 BC[11]Abi-Rattashuncertain[17]Ishkibaluncertain[15]Sharma-Adad Ic. 1673–1662 BC[16]
Iptar-Sinc. 1661–1650 BC[16]
Ammi-Saduqac. 1646–1626 BC[11]Shushushiuncertain[15]Bazayac. 1649–1622 BC[16]
Samsu-Ditanac. 1625–1595 BC[11]Kashtiliash IIuncertain[17]Gulkisharuncertain[15]Lullayac. 1621–1616 BC[16]
Shu-Ninuac. 1615–1602 BC[16]
Sharma-Adad IIc. 1601–1598 BC[16]
Babylon destroyed by the HittitesUrzigurumashuncertain[17]Peshgaldarameshc. 1599–1549 BC[15]Erishum IIIc. 1598–1586 BC[16]
Agum IIuncertain[17]Shamshi-Adad IIc. 1585–1580 BC[16]
Harba-Shipakuncertain[17]Ishme-Dagan IIc. 1580–1564 BC[16]
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)Shipta'ulziuncertain[17]Shamshi-Adad IIIc. 1564–1548 BC[16]
Burnaburiash I[c]c. 1530–1500 BC[18]Burnaburiash Ic. 1530–1500 BC[18]Ayadaragalamac. 1548–1520 BC[15]Ashur-nirari Ic. 1548–1522 BC[16]
Akurduanac. 1519–1493 BC[15]Puzur-Ashur IIIc. 1522–1498 BC[16]
Ulamburiasharound 1475 BC[17]Ulamburiasharound 1475 BC[17]Melamkurkurrac. 1492–1485 BC[15]Enlil-nasir Ic. 1498–1485 BC[16]
Ea-gamilc. 1484–1475 BC[15]Nur-ilic. 1485–1473 BC[16]

Babylonia and rising Assyria (c. 1475–539 BC)

BabyloniaAssyria
NameReignRefNameReignRef
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III; continued)Adaside dynasty (continued)
Ulamburiash[d]around 1475 BC[17]Ashur-shadunic. 1473 BC[16]
Kashtiliash IIIuncertain[17]Ashur-rabi Ic. 1473–1453 BC[16]
Ashur-nadin-ahhe Ic. 1453–1431 BC[16]
Agum IIIuncertain[17]Enlil-nasir IIc. 1430–1425 BC[16]
Ashur-nirari IIc. 1424–1418 BC[16]
Karaindasharound 1415 BC[17]Ashur-bel-nisheshuc. 1417–1409 BC[16]
Ashur-rim-nisheshuc. 1408–1401 BC[16]
Kadashman-Harbe Iaround 1400 BC[17]Ashur-nadin-ahhe IIc. 1400–1391 BC[16]
Eriba-Adad Ic. 1390–1364 BC[16]
Kurigalzu Iuncertain[17]Ashur-uballit I[e]c. 1363–1328 BC[19]
Kadashman-Enlil Ic. 1374–1360 BC[17]
Burnaburiash IIc. 1359–1333 BC[17]
Kara-hardashc. 1333 BC[17]Enlil-niraric. 1327–1318 BC[19]
Nazi-Bugashc. 1333 BC[17]
Kurigalzu IIc. 1332–1308 BC[17]Arik-den-ilic. 1317–1306 BC[19]
Nazi-Maruttashc. 1307–1282 BC[17]Adad-nirari Ic. 1305–1274 BC[19]
Kadashman-Turguc. 1281–1264 BC[17]Shalmaneser Ic. 1273–1244 BC[19]
Kadashman-Enlil IIc. 1263–1255 BC[17]
Kudur-Enlilc. 1254–1246 BC[17]
Shagarakti-Shuriashc. 1245–1233 BC[17]Tukulti-Ninurta Ic. 1243–1207 BC[19]
Kashtiliash IVc. 1232–1225 BC[17]
Enlil-nadin-shumic. 1224 BC[17]
Kadashman-Harbe IIc. 1223 BC[17]
Adad-shuma-iddinac. 1222–1217 BC[17]
Adad-shuma-usurc. 1216–1187 BC[17]Ashur-nadin-aplic. 1206–1203 BC[19]
Ashur-nirari IIIc. 1202–1197 BC[19]
Enlil-kudurri-usurc. 1196–1192 BC[19]
Meli-Shipakc. 1186–1172 BC[17]Ninurta-apal-Ekurc. 1191–1179 BC[19]
Marduk-apla-iddina Ic. 1171–1159 BC[17]Ashur-dan Ic. 1178–1133 BC[10]
Zababa-shuma-iddinc. 1158 BC[17]
Enlil-nadin-ahic. 1157–1155 BC[17]
Second dynasty of Isin (Dynasty IV)
Marduk-kabit-ahheshuc. 1153–1136 BC[20]
Itti-Marduk-balatuc. 1135–1128 BC[20]Ninurta-tukulti-Ashurc. 1132 BC[10]
Mutakkil-nuskuc. 1132 BC[10]
Ninurta-nadin-shumic. 1127–1122 BC[20]Ashur-resh-ishi I1132–1115 BC[10]
Nebuchadnezzar Ic. 1121–1100 BC[20]Tiglath-Pileser I1114–1076 BC[10]
Enlil-nadin-aplic. 1099–1096 BC[20]
Marduk-nadin-ahhec. 1095–1078 BC[20]
Marduk-shapik-zeric. 1077–1065 BC[20]Asharid-apal-Ekur1075–1074 BC[10]
Adad-apla-iddinac. 1064–1043 BC[20]Ashur-bel-kala1073–1056 BC[10]
Eriba-Adad II1055–1054 BC[10]
Shamshi-Adad IV1053–1050 BC[10]
Marduk-ahhe-eribac. 1042 BC[20]Ashurnasirpal I1049–1031 BC[10]
Marduk-zer-Xc. 1041–1030 BC[20]
Nabu-shum-liburc. 1029–1022 BC[20]Shalmaneser II1030–1019 BC[10]
Second Sealand dynasty (Dynasty V)Ashur-nirari IV1018–1013 BC[10]
Simbar-shipakc. 1021–1004 BC[21]
Ea-mukin-zeric. 1004 BC[21]Ashur-rabi II1012–972 BC[10]
Kashshu-nadin-ahic. 1003–1001 BC[21]
Bazi dynasty (Dynasty VI)
Eulmash-shakin-shumic. 1000–984 BC[21]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur Ic. 983–981 BC[21]
Shirikti-shuqamunac. 981 BC[21]
Elamite dynasty (Dynasty VII)
Mar-biti-apla-usurc. 980–975 BC[21]
Dynasty of E (Dynasty VIII)
Nabu-mukin-aplic. 974–939 BC[22]Ashur-resh-ishi II971–967 BC[10]
Tiglath-Pileser II967–935 BC[10]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur IIc. 939 BC[22]Ashur-dan II935–912 BC[10]
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddinac. 938–? BC[22]
Shamash-mudammiqc. ?–901 BC[22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin Ic. 900–887 BC[22]Adad-nirari II[f]912–891 BC[10]
Nabu-apla-iddinac. 886–853 BC[22]Tukulti-Ninurta II891–884 BC[10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi Ic. 852–825 BC[22]Ashurnasirpal II884–859 BC[10]
Shalmaneser III859–824 BC[10]
Marduk-balassu-iqbic. 824–813 BC[22]Shamshi-Adad V824–811 BC[10]
Baba-aha-iddinac. 813–812 BC[22]Adad-nirari III811–783 BC[10]
Ninurta-apla-Xuncertain[22]
Marduk-bel-zeriuncertain[22]
Marduk-apla-usuruncertain[22]Shalmaneser IV783–773 BC[10]
Eriba-Mardukc. 769–760 BC[22]Ashur-dan III773–755 BC[10]
Nabu-shuma-ishkunc. 760–748 BC[22]Ashur-nirari V755–745 BC[10]
Nabonassar748–734 BC[22]Tiglath-Pileser III745–727 BC[10]
Nabu-nadin-zeri734–732 BC[22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin II732 BC[22]
Nabu-mukin-zeri[g] (non-dynastic)732–729 BC[23]
Adaside dynasty (also in Assyria)
Tiglath-Pileser III729–727 BC[23]
Shalmaneser V727–722 BC[23]Shalmaneser V727–722 BC[10]
Sargonid dynasty
Marduk-apla-iddina II[h] (non-dynastic)722–710 BC[23]Sargon II722–705 BC[10]
Sargon II710–705 BC[23]
Sennacherib705–703 BC[23]Sennacherib705–681 BC[10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi II (non-dynastic)703 BC[23]
Marduk-apla-iddina II[h] (non-dynastic)703 BC[23]
Bel-ibni[i] (vassal king)703–700 BC[23]
Ashur-nadin-shumi700–694 BC[23]
Nergal-ushezib[i] (non-dynastic)694–693 BC[23]
Mushezib-Marduk[i] (non-dynastic)693–689 BC[23]
Sennacherib689–681 BC[23]
Esarhaddon681–669 BC[23]Esarhaddon681–669 BC[10]
Shamash-shum-ukin668–648 BC[23]Ashurbanipal669–631 BC[10]
Kandalanu (vassal king)647–627 BC[23]Ashur-etil-ilani631–627 BC[10]
Sinsharishkun627–626 BC[23]Sinsharishkun627–612 BC[10]
Sin-shumu-lishir (usurper)626 BC[10]
Chaldean dynasty (Dynasty X)
Nabopolassar626–605 BC[24]Ashur-uballit II612–609 BC[10]
Nebuchadnezzar II605–562 BC[24]Assyria defeated by Nabopolassar of Babylon
Amel-Marduk562–560 BC[24]
Neriglissar (non-dynastic)560–556 BC[24]
Labashi-Marduk (non-dynastic)556 BC[24]
Nabonidus (non-dynastic)556–539 BC[24]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Web sources

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