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List of Chinese empresses and queens

The following is a list of empresses and queens consort of China. China has periodically been divided into kingdoms as well as united under empires, resulting in consorts titled both queen and empress. The empress title could also be given posthumously.

Empresses and queens consort

The title of empress consort (皇后, húanghòu) could also be given posthumously. The posthumous empresses are listed separately by the year they were given the title.

Zhou dynasty

NameBirthBecame QueenCeased to be QueenDeathSpouse
Tai Sic. 12th century BC1099 BC1050 BCc. 11th century BCKing Wen
Queen Yi Jiang (邑姜)1046 BC1043 BCKing Wu
Wáng Sì (王姒)King Cheng
Wáng Jiāng (王姜)King Kang
Queen Fáng (房后)King Zhao
Wáng Zǔ Jiāng (王俎姜)King Mu
Wáng Guī (王媯)King Gong
Wáng Bó Jiāng (王伯姜)King Yi
Wáng Jīng (王京)King Xiao
Wáng Jí (王姞)King Yi
Shēn Jiāng (王姞)King Li
Queen Jiang827 BC782 BCKing Xuan
Queen Shēn (申后)782 BC772 BCKing You
Bao Si (褒姒)779 BC771 BC
Jì Jì Jiāng (紀季姜)King Huan
Chén Guī (陈妫)King Hui
Queen Dí (翟后)King Xiang
Qí Jiāng (周灵王)King Ling
Queen Mù (穆后)527 BCKing Jing

Western Han dynasty

NameParentsBirthMarriageBecame EmpressCeased to be EmpressDeathSpouse
Empress Lü ZhiLü Wen, Prince Xuan of Lü

Princess Consort Xuan

241 BC202 BC195 BC18 Aug 180 BCEmperor Gaozu of Han
Empress Zhang YanZhang Ao, Prince of Zhao

Princess Yuan of Lu

192 BC192 BC188 BC163 BCEmperor Hui of Han
Empress LüLü Lu (呂祿)c.205 BC184 BC180 BCc.180 BCEmperor Houshao of Han
Empress DouDou Chong, Marquis Ancheng205 BC179 BC179 BC157 BC135 BCEmperor Wen of Han
Empress Bo158 BC157 BC151 BC147 BCEmperor Jing of Han
Empress Wang ZhiWang Zhong

Zang Er

173 BC150 BC126 BC
Empress Chen JiaoChen Wu, Marquess of Tangyi

Liu Piao, Princess Guantao

141 BC130 BCc.110 BCEmperor Wu of Han
Empress Wei ZifuMadam Wei (衛媼)128 BC91 BC
Empress ShangguanLady Huo89 BC(?)84 BC83 BC74 BC:37 BCEmperor Zhao of Han
Empress Xu PingjunXu Guanghanc.90 BCc. 76 BC74 BC71 BCEmperor Xuan of Han
Empress Huo ChengjunHuo Guang

Lady Xian

70 BC:66 BC54 BC
Empress WangWang Fengguang, Marquess of Qiongcheng64 BC49 BC16 BC
Empress Wang ZhengjunWang Jin, Marquess of Yangping

Li Qin

71 BCc.50 BC48 BC33 BC13 ADEmperor Yuan of Han
Empress XuXu Jia, the Marquess of Ping'en31 BC18 BC8 BCEmperor Cheng of Han
Empress Zhao Feiyanc. 32 BC16 BC7 BC1 BC
Empress FuFu Yan, Marquis of Kongxiang6 BC1 BCEmperor Ai of Han
Empress WangWang Mang

Lady Wang

8 BC4 AD5 AD23 ADEmperor Ping of Han

Xin dynasty

NameParentsBirthMarriageBecame EmpressCeased to be EmpressDeathSpouse
Empress WangWang Xian, Marquess of Yichin9 AD21 ADEmperor Wang Mang
Empress ShiShi Chen (史諶)23 AD

Eastern Han dynasty

Three Kingdoms period

Cao Wei

Shu Han

Eastern Wu

Jin dynasty

Huan Chu dynasty

Sixteen Kingdoms period

Cheng Han

Han-Zhao

Later Zhao

Ran Wei

Former Liang

Later Liang

Western Liang

Northern Liang

Southern Liang

Former Qin

Later Qin

Western Qin

Former Yan

Later Yan

Northern Yan

Southern Yan

Xia

Northern and Southern dynasties

Liu Song

Southern Qi

Northern Wei

Western Wei

Eastern Wei

Northern Qi

Liang dynasty

Chen dynasty

Northern Zhou

Sui dynasty

Tang dynasty

Wu Zetian, an empress consort who became an imperial ruler during the Tang dynasty and during the emperor Gaozong. After the death of her husband, she became the sole ruler of China for more than two decades.
Qin
  • Empress Ju
Han (Dingyang)
  • Empress Ju
Xia
Yan
Qi

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

Qi

Former Shu

Yan

Later Liang

Southern Han

Later Tang

Wu

Min

Southern Tang

Later Jin

Yin

Later Han

Later Zhou

Northern Han

  • ?–968: Empress Guo, empress consort of Liu Jun
  • 968–?: Empress Ma, empress consort of Liu Jiyuan

Song dynasty

Empress Zheng of the Song dynasty

Yuan dynasty

Empress Chabi, consort to Kublai Khan

Ming dynasty

Empress Xiaocigao, Ming dynasty
Empress Xu, Ming dynasty

Southern Ming

Qing dynasty

EmperorEmpress consort*PictureBirthBecame empress consortCeased to be empress consortDeath
Hong TaijiJerjer, Empress Xiaoduanwen
of the Mongol Borjigit clan
31 May 1599August 163621 September 1643
husband's death		28 May 1649
Fulin, the Shunzhi EmperorErdeni Bumba, Empress
of the Mongol Borjigit clan		 27 September 165125 October 1653
deposed
Alatan Qiqige, Empress Xiaohuizhang
of the Mongol Borjigit clan		 5 November 1641July/August 16545 February 1661
husband's death		7 January 1718
Xuanye, the Kangxi EmperorEmpress Xiaochengren
of the Manchu Hešeri clan		 3 February 1654October/November 16656 June 1674
Empress Xiaozhaoren
of the Manchu Niohuru clan		 165318 September 167718 March 1678
Empress Xiaoyiren
of the Manchu Tunggiya clan		 23 August 168924 August 1689
Yinzhen, the Yongzheng EmperorDuoqimuli, Empress Xiaojingxian
of the Manchu Ula-nara clan		 28 June 168128 March 172329 October 1731
Hongli, the Qianlong EmperorEmpress Xiaoxianchun
of the Manchu Fuca clan		 28 March 171223 January 17388 April 1748
Empress
of the Manchu Nara clan		 11 March 17182 September 175019 August 1766
Yongyan, the Jiaqing EmperorEmpress Xiaoshurui
of the Manchu Hitara clan		 2 October 176012 February 17965 March 1797
Empress Xiaoherui
of the Manchu Niohuru clan		 20 November 177627 May 18012 September 1820
husband's death		23 January 1850
Mianning, the Daoguang EmperorEmpress Xiaoshencheng
of the Manchu Tunggiya clan		 5 July 179228 December 182216 June 1833
Empress Xiaoquancheng
of the Manchu Niohuru clan		 24 March 180818 November 183413 February 1840
Yizhu, the Xianfeng EmperorEmpress Xiaozhenxian
of the Manchu Niohuru clan		 12 August 1837November/December 185222 August 1861
husband's death		8 April 1881
Zaichun, the Tongzhi EmperorEmpress Xiaozheyi
of the Manchu Arute clan		 25 July 185415 October 187212 January 1875
husband's death		27 March 1875
Zaitian, the Guangxu EmperorJingfen, Empress Xiaodingjing
of the Manchu Yehe-nara clan		 28 January 186826 February 188914 November 1908
husband's death		22 February 1913

Manchukuo

EmperorEmpress consort*PictureBirthBecame empress consortCeased to be empress consortDeath
Puyi, the Xuantong EmperorWanrong, Empress Xiaokemin
of the Manchu Gobulo clan		 13 November 19061 March 193417 August 1945
monarchy abolished		20 June 1946

Empresses dowager

The title of Empress dowager (皇太后, húangtàihòu) was automatically given to a former Empress consort and widow of an Emperor. The title, Empress dowager, could be granted a widow of an Emperor even when she had not been the Empress consort during the reign of her spouse. Therefore, a separate list is given of the Empresses dowager, which, in some cases, equals the list of Empresses consort, and in other cases, not.

Han dynasty

Northern Dynasties

Northern Wei

Tang dynasty

Song dynasty

Yuan dynasty

Ming dynasty

Qing dynasty

Empress Dowager Cixi, Qing dynasty

Grand empresses dowager

Empresses whose titles were granted posthumously

Sui dynasty

Tang dynasty

Song dynasty

Yuan dynasty

Ming dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty

Qing dynasty

Empress Xiaoyichun, Qing dynasty

See also

References

Bibliography

  • Stefanowska, A.D.; Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317475910.
  • Stefanowska, A.D.; Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: V. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317475880.
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