The Karluk Yabghu State (simplified Chinese: 葛逻禄叶护国; traditional Chinese: 葛邏祿葉護國; pinyin: Géluólù Yèhùguó) was a polity ruled by Karluk tribes.
Karluk Yabghu State | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 756–840 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Capital | Suyab later Balasagun | ||||||||
| Common languages | Karluk Turkic | ||||||||
| Religion | Tengriism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 756 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 840 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan | ||||||||
History
The first information about the tribes of karluks that occupied the territory between Altai and the Eastern coast of Lake Balkhash dates back to the 5th century.[4] The Karluks were part of the First Turkic and Uyghur khaganates. They were composed of three tribes, therefore their ruler mostly called Sanxing Yabghu (Chinese: 三姓葉護; lit. 'Yabghu of Three Tribes') in 8th century.[5] In 742, they were named "Right Yabghu" by Basmyl khagan Ashina Shi. Like Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of Ashina tribe.[6]
Karluk chief Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor (Chinese: 毗伽葉護頓阿波移健啜; pinyin: Píjiā Yèhù Dùn ābō Yíjiàn Chuài) submitted to Uyghur khaganate in 746.[7] He may be same person as Yigen Chor (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺) mentioned in Kul-Chor stele.[8]
He was succeeded by Tun Bilge Yabghu (Chinese: 頓毗伽葉護; pinyin: Dùn Píjiā Yèhù) in 753.[7] A ruler of Karluks were mentioned in Turco-Manichean book "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki Jïltïz Nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at Kara-Khoja in the Turpan oasis by Albert von Le Coq. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the Chigil tribes, named Alp Burguchan, Alp Tarhan, Alp İl Tirgüg.[9] He probably was the one who conquered Turgesh state and resettled Karluks in Zhetysu basin, making Suyab their capital.[10]
Another ruler was Köbäk,[11] whose coins were found in modern Kyrgyzstan.[10]
When the Yenisei Kyrgyz destroyed the Uyghur Khaganate in 840, Karluk yabghu declared himself khagan with title Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, forming the Kara-Khanid Khanate.[12]
![Anikova dish horseman, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[13]](https://www.search.com.vn/wiki/en/File:Anikova_dish_horseman.jpg)
![Anikova dish, two horsemen, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[13]](https://www.search.com.vn/wiki/en/File:Anikova,_two_horsemen_(grey_background).jpg)
![Anikova dish, two horsemen with banner, Semirechye, c. 800 CE design.[13]](https://www.search.com.vn/wiki/en/File:Anikova_horsemen.jpg)
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See also
References
Further reading
- History of civilisations of Central Asia. South Asia Books. March 1999. p. 569. ISBN 978-8120815407.
- The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Vol 1). Cambridge University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0521243049.