Ka (Indic)

Aryabhata used Devanāgarī letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals.The values of the different forms of क are:^[1]

• क [kə] = 1 (१)
• कि [kɪ] = 100 (१००)
• कु [kʊ] = 10,000 (१० ०००)
• कृ [kri] = 1,000,000 (१० ०० ०००)
• कॢ [klə] = 1×10⁸ (१०^८)
• के [ke] = 1×10¹⁰ (१०^१०)
• कै [kɛː] = 1×10¹² (१०^१२)
• को [koː] = 1×10¹⁴ (१०^१४)
• कौ [kɔː] = 1×10¹⁶ (१०^१६)

In Tabla notation, क (ka) also seen as कि (ki), or के (ke) is a flat, nonresonant stroke of the left hand. The heel of the hand is left on the drum, while the hand rotates to hit the drum, with the focus of the force being focused between the tips and first joints of the fingers.

के (ke) is the abbreviation used for केतु (Ketu), the descending lunar node. In Hindu astrology, Ketu represents karmic collections both good and bad, spirituality, and supernatural influences. Ketu is associated with the Matsya Avatar (Fish Incarnation) of Vishnu. Ketu signifies the spiritual process of the refinement of materialization to spirit and is considered both malefic and benefic, as it causes sorrow and loss, and yet at the same time turns the individual to God. In other words, it causes material loss in order to force a more spiritual outlook in the person. Ketu is a karaka or indicator of intelligence, wisdom, non-attachment, fantasy, penetrating insight, derangement, and psychic abilities. Ketu is believed to bring prosperity to the devotee's family, removes the effects of snakebite and illness arising out of poisons. He grants good health, wealth and cattle to his devotees.

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brāhmī and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ka as found in standard Brahmi, was based on a simple "+" shape, with slight variations toward the Gupta . The Tocharian Ka had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of Ka, in Kharoṣṭhī (𐨐) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

The Brahmi letter , ka, is probably derived from the Aramaic Kaph , and is thus related to the modern Latin K and Greek Kappa. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ka can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ka historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Ashoka Brahmi Ka with vowel marks

K	Ka	Kā	Ki	Kī	Ku	Kū	Kr	Kr̄	Kl	Kl̄	Ke	Kai	Ko	Kau

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Kä.

Tocharian Ka with vowel marks

Ka	Kā	Ki	Kī	Ku	Kū	Kr	Kr̄	Ke	Kai	Ko	Kau	Kä	Fremdzeichen

The Kharoshthi letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Kaph , and is thus related to K and Kappa, in addition to the Brahmi ka.

Ka (क) (कवर्ण kavarn) is the first consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ક, and the Modi letter 𑘎.

In all languages, क is pronounced as [kə] or [k] when appropriate.

• नकली = nakali [nəkəliː] "fake"

In this example, क implements its inherent vowel, the schwa.

• बकवास = bakvās [bəkʋaːs] "nonsense"

In this example, क deletes the inherent schwa for correct pronunciation.Certain words that have been borrowed from Persian and Arabic implement the nukta to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a q.

• क़दम = qadam [qəd̪əm] "footstep"

Like other Devnagari consonants, the inherent vowel of क can be altered by the addition of vowel marks, called "matras". In addition, several other diacritics can be used to alter the base consonant or append sounds to the syllable.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Most Devanagari letters drop a character's vertical stem to create a half form, but due to its large tail to the right of the stem, the common half form of क has its tail reduced to attach to the following letter. Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.^[3]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

• Repha र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka: ^note

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

• क্ (k) + न (na) gives the ligature kna:

• क্ (k) + त (ta) gives the ligature kta:

• क্ (k) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

• क্ (k) + त্ (t) + व (va) gives the ligature ktva:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋkta:

One of the most common true ligatures in Devanagari is the conjunct kṣa क्ष. This ligature is a required form for most Devanagari languages, and the conjunct even has its own half form that freely joins other letters in horizontal conjuncts.

• क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:

• Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

• छ্ (cʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰkṣa:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱkṣa:

• ड্ (ḍ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍkṣa:

• द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dkṣa:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋkṣa:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:

• ट্ (ṭ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭkṣa:

• ठ্ (ṭʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰkṣa:

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• ब্ (b) + क (ka) gives the ligature bka:

• छ্ (cʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature cʰka:

• च্ (c) + क (ka) gives the ligature cka:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ḍʱka:

• ड্ (ḍ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ḍka:

• द্ (d) + क (ka) gives the ligature dka:

• ह্ (h) + क (ka) gives the ligature hka:

• क্ (k) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kba:

• क্ (k) + च (ca) gives the ligature kca:

• क্ (k) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature kḍa:

• ख্ (kʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature kʰka:

• क্ (k) + ज (ja) gives the ligature kja:

• क্ (k) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature kjña:

• क্ (k) + क (ka) gives the ligature kka:

• क্ (k) + ल (la) gives the ligature kla:

• क্ (k) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kŋa:

• क্ (k) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature kña:

• क্ (k) + व (va) gives the ligature kva:

• ळ্ (ḷ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ḷka:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

• फ্ (pʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature pʰka:

• ठ্ (ṭʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ṭʰka:

• ट্ (ṭ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ṭka:

• व্ (v) + क (ka) gives the ligature vka:

The Bengali-Assamese script ক is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, क. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ক will sometimes be transliterated as "ko" instead of "ka". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, কো, gives a reading of /ko/.Like all Indic consonants, ক can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

ক is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese. It is also used with a nukta, ক়, for foreign borrowings of /q/.

Bengali ক exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.^[4]

The most important conjunct of ক is the irregular kṣa ligature ক্ + ষ [ṣ] = ক্ষ. This conjunct not only has a special form in all Bengali alphabets, it even functions as an independent letter in the Assamese orthography. This ক্ষ conjunct forms regular conjuncts with other letters, keeping its distinct form:

• ক্ষ (kṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:

• ক্ষ (kṣ) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature kṣmya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ক্ষ (kṣ) + ন (na) gives the ligature kṣna:

• ক্ষ (kṣ) + ব (va) gives the ligature kṣva, with the va phala suffix:

• ক্ষ (kṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature kṣya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature kra, with a variant ligature instead of a ra phala suffix:

• ঙ (ng) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the conjunct ngkra, with a variant of the kra ligature:

• স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the conjunct skra, with the kra ligature:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the conjunct ṣkra, with the kra ligature:

• ক্ (k) + ক (ka) gives the ligature kka:

• ক্ (k) + ল (la) gives the ligature kla:

• ক্ (k) + ম (ma) gives the ligature kma:

• ক্ (k) + স (sa) gives the ligature ksa:

• ক্ (k) + ত (ta) gives the ligature kta:

• ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ktra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ক্ (k) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature kṭa:

• ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature kṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ক্ (k) + ব (va) gives the ligature kva, with the va phala suffix:

• ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature kya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ল্ (l) + ক (ka) gives the ligature lka:

• ল্ (l) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature lkya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ঙ (ng) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ngka:

• ঙ (ng) + ক্ (k) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature ngkʃa:

• ঙ (ng) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature ngkya, with the ya phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + ক (ka) gives the ligature rka, with the repha prefix:

• র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

• স্ (s) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ska:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ṣka:

• ত্ (t) + ক (ka) gives the ligature tka:

Ka (ક) is the first consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ka , and ultimately the Brahmi letter . ક (Ka) is similar in appearance to ફ (Pha), and care should be taken to avoid confusing the two when reading Gujarati script texts.

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ક is pronounced as [kə] or [k] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ka	Kā	Ki	Kī	Ku	Kū	Kr	Kl	Kr̄	Kl̄	Kĕ	Ke	Kai	Kŏ	Ko	Kau	K
Gujarati Ka syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Gujarati ક exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ka does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ka will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature.True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ક્ (k) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KRa:

• ર્ (r) + ક (ka) gives the ligature RKa:

• ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) gives the ligature ṄKa:

• ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature KṢa:

• ર્ (r) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RKṢa:

• ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature ṄKṢa:

Telugu independent and subjoined Ka.

Ka (క) is the first consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಕ. Most Telugu consonants contain a wedge-shaped headline that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headlines do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu.

Telugu independent and subjoined KṢa.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Ka (ക) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Ka. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several means of forming conjuncts in Malayalam: using a subjoined form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of the two consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ല് (l) + ക (ka) gives the ligature lka:

• യ് (y) + ക (ka) gives the ligature yka:

• ങ് (ŋ) + ക (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

• ക് (k) + ക (ka) gives the ligature kka:

• ഴ് (lll) + ക (ka) gives the ligature lllka:

• ക് (k) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature kṭa:

• ക് (k) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṇa:

• ക് (k) + ത (ta) gives the ligature kta:

• ക് (k) + ന (na) gives the ligature kna:

• ക് (k) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kma:

• ക് (k) + ര (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• ക് (k) + സ (sa) gives the ligature ksa:

• ക് (k) + ഷ (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:

• ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṣṇa:

• ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:

• ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ല (la) gives the ligature kṣla:

Odia independent and subjoined letter Ka.

Ka (କ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ka. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ଙ୍ (ŋ) + କ (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

• ତ୍ (t) + କ (ka) gives the ligature tka:

• ର୍ (r) + କ (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• କ୍ (k) + ର (ra) gives the ligature kra:

Odia independent and subjoined KSsa.

Although ostensibly a conjunct of Ka and Ssa, Odia କ୍ଷ (Kṣa) is largely treated as an independent letter pronounced /kʰjɔ/. Unlike other Odia conjuncts, କ୍ଷ can be found as an independent letter subjoined to another letter or conjunct.

• ତ୍ (t) + କ୍ (ka) + ଷ (ṣa) gives the ligature tkṣa:

Meitei regular and lonsum forms of Kok.

The Meitei letter Kok (Manipuri: head) has the phonetic value /ka/, and like in other Indic scripts, it takes vowel matras to alter its inherent vowel. Unlike in other Indic scripts, it has a special "lonsum" form for indicating a syllable coda consonant sound, while an explicit killer apun iyek, is optionally used to indicate a consonant cluster.^[5]

Much like the Tibetan script from which it derives, the Meitei script, used to write the Manipuri language of far eastern India has remnants of the headline common in other Indic scripts in many of its letters, but does not connect the headlines of adjacent letters. Historically, Meitei exhibited conjoining behavior, but this is not a behavior of Meitei letters in modern usage.

Kaithi consonant and half-form Ka.

Ka (𑂍) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ka. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂍୍ (k) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature kra:

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂍 (ka) gives the ligature rka:

• 𑂍୍ (k) + 𑂍 (ka) gives the ligature kka:

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ka, are related as well.

Comparison of Ka in different scripts

Aramaic Kharoṣṭhī 𐨐 Ashoka Brahmi Kushana Brahmi[a] Tocharian[b]  /  Gupta Brahmi Pallava Kadamba - Bhaiksuki 𑰎 Siddhaṃ Grantha 𑌕 Cham ꨆ Sinhala ක Pyu / Old Mon[c] - Tibetan Newa 𑐎 Ahom 𑜀 Malayalam ക Telugu క Burmese က Lepcha ᰀ Ranjana Saurashtra ꢒ Dives Akuru 𑤌 Kannada ಕ Kayah Li ꤊ Limbu Soyombo[d] 𑩜 Khmer ក Tamil Chakma 𑄇 Tai Tham ᨠ Meitei Mayek ꯀ Gaudi - Thai ก Lao ກ / ໞ Tai Le ᥐ Marchen 𑱲 Tirhuta 𑒏 New Tai Lue ᦂ Tai Viet ꪀ / ꪁ Aksara Kawi 'Phags-pa ꡀ Odia କ Sharada 𑆑 Rejang ꤰ Batak - Buginese ᨀ Zanabazar Square 𑨋 Bengali-Assamese Takri 𑚊 Javanese ꦏ Balinese ᬓ Makasar 𑻠 Hangul[e] - Northern Nagari - Dogri 𑠊 Laṇḍā - Sundanese ᮊ Baybayin ᜃ Modi 𑘎 Gujarati ક Khojki 𑈈 Khudabadi 𑊺 Mahajani 𑅕 Tagbanwa ᝣ Devanagari Nandinagari 𑦮 Kaithi Gurmukhi ਕ Multani 𑊄 Buhid ᝃ Canadian Syllabics[f] - Soyombo[g] 𑩜 Sylheti Nagari ꠇ Gunjala Gondi 𑵱 Masaram Gondi[h] 𑴌 Hanuno'o ᜣ Notes

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ka in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ka from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information

Preview							క		କ		ಕ		ക		ક		ਕ
Unicode name	DEVANAGARI LETTER KA		BENGALI LETTER KA		TAMIL LETTER KA		TELUGU LETTER KA		ORIYA LETTER KA		KANNADA LETTER KA		MALAYALAM LETTER KA		GUJARATI LETTER KA		GURMUKHI LETTER KA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	2325	U+0915	2453	U+0995	2965	U+0B95	3093	U+0C15	2837	U+0B15	3221	U+0C95	3349	U+0D15	2709	U+0A95	2581	U+0A15
UTF-8	224 164 149	E0 A4 95	224 166 149	E0 A6 95	224 174 149	E0 AE 95	224 176 149	E0 B0 95	224 172 149	E0 AC 95	224 178 149	E0 B2 95	224 180 149	E0 B4 95	224 170 149	E0 AA 95	224 168 149	E0 A8 95
Numeric character reference	क	क	ক	ক	க	க	క	క	କ	କ	ಕ	ಕ	ക	ക	ક	ક	ਕ	ਕ
ISCII	179	B3	179	B3	179	B3	179	B3	179	B3	179	B3	179	B3	179	B3	179	B3

Character information

Preview	Ashoka Kushana Gupta		𐨐		𑖎		𑌕
Unicode name	BRAHMI LETTER KA		KHAROSHTHI LETTER KA		SIDDHAM LETTER KA		GRANTHA LETTER KA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	69651	U+11013	68112	U+10A10	71054	U+1158E	70421	U+11315
UTF-8	240 145 128 147	F0 91 80 93	240 144 168 144	F0 90 A8 90	240 145 150 142	F0 91 96 8E	240 145 140 149	F0 91 8C 95
UTF-16	55300 56339	D804 DC13	55298 56848	D802 DE10	55301 56718	D805 DD8E	55300 57109	D804 DF15
Numeric character reference	𑀓	𑀓	𐨐	𐨐	𑖎	𑖎	𑌕	𑌕

Character information

Preview			ྐ		ꡀ		𑨋		𑐎		𑰎		𑆑
Unicode name	TIBETAN LETTER KA		TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER KA		PHAGS-PA LETTER KA		ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KA		NEWA LETTER KA		BHAIKSUKI LETTER KA		SHARADA LETTER KA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	3904	U+0F40	3984	U+0F90	43072	U+A840	72203	U+11A0B	70670	U+1140E	72718	U+11C0E	70033	U+11191
UTF-8	224 189 128	E0 BD 80	224 190 144	E0 BE 90	234 161 128	EA A1 80	240 145 168 139	F0 91 A8 8B	240 145 144 142	F0 91 90 8E	240 145 176 142	F0 91 B0 8E	240 145 134 145	F0 91 86 91
UTF-16	3904	0F40	3984	0F90	43072	A840	55302 56843	D806 DE0B	55301 56334	D805 DC0E	55303 56334	D807 DC0E	55300 56721	D804 DD91
Numeric character reference	ཀ	ཀ	ྐ	ྐ	ꡀ	ꡀ	𑨋	𑨋	𑐎	𑐎	𑰎	𑰎	𑆑	𑆑

Character information

Preview	𑘎		𑦮		𑩜		ꠇ		𑵱
Unicode name	MODI LETTER KA		NANDINAGARI LETTER KA		SOYOMBO LETTER KA		SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER KO		GUNJALA GONDI LETTER KA		KAITHI LETTER KA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71182	U+1160E	72110	U+119AE	72284	U+11A5C	43015	U+A807	73073	U+11D71	69773	U+1108D
UTF-8	240 145 152 142	F0 91 98 8E	240 145 166 174	F0 91 A6 AE	240 145 169 156	F0 91 A9 9C	234 160 135	EA A0 87	240 145 181 177	F0 91 B5 B1	240 145 130 141	F0 91 82 8D
UTF-16	55301 56846	D805 DE0E	55302 56750	D806 DDAE	55302 56924	D806 DE5C	43015	A807	55303 56689	D807 DD71	55300 56461	D804 DC8D
Numeric character reference	𑘎	𑘎	𑦮	𑦮	𑩜	𑩜	ꠇ	ꠇ	𑵱	𑵱	𑂍	𑂍

Character information

Preview	𑒏		ᰀ				ꯀ		𑱲
Unicode name	TIRHUTA LETTER KA		LEPCHA LETTER KA		LIMBU LETTER KA		MEETEI MAYEK LETTER KOK		MARCHEN LETTER KA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	70799	U+1148F	7168	U+1C00	6401	U+1901	43968	U+ABC0	72818	U+11C72
UTF-8	240 145 146 143	F0 91 92 8F	225 176 128	E1 B0 80	225 164 129	E1 A4 81	234 175 128	EA AF 80	240 145 177 178	F0 91 B1 B2
UTF-16	55301 56463	D805 DC8F	7168	1C00	6401	1901	43968	ABC0	55303 56434	D807 DC72
Numeric character reference	𑒏	𑒏	ᰀ	ᰀ	ᤁ	ᤁ	ꯀ	ꯀ	𑱲	𑱲

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

• Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
• Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
• B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
• Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
• Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.