Lyuli

There are several names for the Lyuli: Jughi, Multani, Bombay or Luli. However, they refer to themselves as Muğat (Мугат) or Mughat (Persian: مغان), as well as Gurbet (Arabic: غربات), which means "lonely".^[6] The term Multani signifies a person who originates from the city of Multan (in modern-day Pakistan), because some of the Lyuli emigrated from Multan after the Siege of Multan, 1296–1297 to Central Asia.^[9]

The Lyuli originate from North India. According to local traditions held by the Lyuli, their community already existed in the region by the time of Timur. In time, the Lyuli began adopting the customs, languages, and the Islamic faith of their Central Asian neighbors. Many Lyuli were nomadic until the early 20th century, when they began living in urban areas.^[10] The Lyuli had a presence in China until vanishing from the historical record by the early Qing period. Luoli was the Chinese name for them when they settled in China during the Yuan and Ming dynasty.^[11] Hui during this time was not synonymous with Muslim during the Yuan, with there being Christian Hui, Jewish Hui and Gypsy Hui in addition to Muslim Hui. Muslim Hui themselves were a sub-set of Hui Hui. The term Hui Hui country (回回國) was originally used by Chinese in the Yuan dynasty to refer to the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia. During the Yuan dynasty Hui Hui became a catch all term used for people of multiple religions from west of China including Jews, Christians, Hindus and Muslims. Zhuhu Huihui (主鹘回回) was the specific term for Jews. Jewish and Muslim merchants who used false weights were punished by Yuan authorities in Hangzhou, the Muslims were "wealth merchants" and the Jews worked in the sugar bureau of Hangzhou.^[12][13] There were also Gypsy Huihui (Luoli Huihui), Christian Green Eyed Huihui (Lüjing Huihui) and Indian Huihui (Xindu or Jingduhei Huihu).^[14]

The Lyuli live in the south of Kyrgyzstan, in Osh Region. Their living standard is extremely low. Many Lyuli have no official documents. Education is conducted in Russian, Kyrgyz, or Uzbek, but many Muğat lack education. Lyuli society is working towards improvement of their living standards, education and knowledge of Kyrgyz and Russian, and preservation of their culture.^[15][16]

The Kazakh Lyuli, also known Luli-Kazakhs, or Kazakh Luli, are a small ethnic group in Kazakhstan. They are a subgroup of the broader Lyuli ethnic minority originating from Fergana Valley region in Uzbekistan and southeastern regions of Kazakhstan: Almaty Region, and Zambil. Their exact population size is unknown, but they are estimated to be a few hundreds. They speak a dialect of Kazakh language and the majority has well integrated in Kazakhstan and also identifies as Kazakh. The Kazakh Lyuli have a distinct cultural identity, which is shaped by their nomadic lifestyle, Islamic faith, and heritage. They maintain unique cultural practices and traditions, such as their music and dance, as well as specific forms of clothing and hats. The Kazakh Lyuli have faced social, economic, and political marginalization and discrimination throughout their history, and their cultural survival remains a challenge in modern-day Central Asia.The Kazakh Lyuli are believed to have also migrated to the Balkans, specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the 19th century. Majority of them have a nomadic lifestyle and speak a dialect of the Kazakh language that is heavily influenced by Turkish. Today, in Balkans, there is a few hundreds of Kazakh Lyuli who have assimilated into the society and majority have obtained citizenships of countries they reside in.

There are approximately 12,000 Lyuli in Uzbekistan.^[17] While children converse in their native language or mixed speech at home, poor educational standards and poverty have gradually reduced fluency rates in favour of Russian or Uzbek.

Starting from the early 1990s, the Lyuli began migrating into Southern Russian cities, most noticeably around railway stations and markets. At first, Russians mistakenly identified them as Tajik refugees or ethnic Uzbeks due to their traditional Central Asian robes. Russian Roma emphasize that the Lyuli are distinct from them and not part of the Romani society and culture, and are considered to be of Indo-Turkic people origin.^[8] They are a frequent target of Russian far right skinheads.^[18]

2,234 Lyuli lived in Tajikistan in 2010.^[19]

Jugi people are a Nomad group, who believe once came from Egypt,^[9] living in Mazandaran Province of Iran and in Central Asia, called as Central Asian Gypsy and confused with European Romani people or Doms and Loms.^{[20][21][22][23]}

The Ottoman Archives of the 18th and 19th century, cite 4 clans of the so-called Türkmen Kıpti who spoke a Turkik dialect with few Romani words in their jargon and who were Alevi of Bektashi Order, as a separate group in Rumelia. They migrated from Central Asia to Anatolia. At Dulkadiroğlu, Kahramanmaraş, they were registered in the 16th as Gurbet at the time of the Ottoman Empire, and settled finally in the Balkans and Crimean Khanate.^[7] Turkish Roma from Varna in Bulgaria who called themself Usta Millet or Mehter, claimed to be descendants of this special tribe.^[24]

In the past the Lyuli used to work as wandering musical entertainers, fortune-tellers, peddlers and beggars. Women also worked as tailors for other non-Lyuli women, including making hairnets for veils. Some subgroups specialized in other trades like woodworking.^[10] Modern Lyuli are now settled and work in diverse occupations including in education, factories, business and more.^[10]

The Lyuli are devout Sunni Muslims, but some traces of pre-Islamic beliefs have continued to endure.^[10]

The Lyuli face discrimination from others and social marginalization.^[16][17] Some suffer from poverty and isolation.^[17]

• Gudar people

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lyuli people.

• Marushiakova, Elena and Vesselin Popov. 2016. Gypsies of Central Asia and Caucasus. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Perceptions of Identity: Luli in Uzbekistan, a visit to a Luli community and brief summaries of interviews