Joseph Bendounga

Bendounga was born on March 17, 1954, in Bocaranga. He studied law at University of Bangui.^[1][4]

Bendounga founded MDREC in 1990. He was then arrested due to political reasons. In 1997, Ange-Félix Patassé appointed Bendounga as the Mayor of Bangui and held it until 2000, when he decided to resign. Upon stepping down as mayor, he joined the opposition by becoming the leader of Collectif démocratique des partis d’opposition (CODEPO).^[1]

Due to his opposition to the government, he was informed that he was prohibited from leaving the country on the Bangui M'Poko International Airport when he wanted to go to Douala on 24 January 2003. Hearing that ban, he kicked and destroyed some of the airport's formalities hall windows, causing the police to arrest him and put him in the airport prison.^[1][5] Afterward, he was put into Ngaragba Central Prison and shortly after, he was released.^[1] He condemned the 2003 coup.^[6]

After Bozize took power by ousting Patasse, Bendounga declared his opposition to the transition government. Approaching the 2005 election, he announced his presidential candidacy through MDREC. Nevertheless, he then withdrew from the candidacy due to MDREC's inability to pay a 5 million CFA franc deposit. Afterwards, he said that he did not support any candidates in the election since they were involved in the 2003 Central African Republic coup d'état.^[7]

Bendounga called Bozize to resign from the presidency on 22 March 2006 due to his mismanagement.^[8] He attended the political meeting with President Bozize that was aired live at Renaissance Palace on 19 October 2010. Soon afterward, Bozize ordered his guard to expel Bendounga from the room as he attacked him during the live meeting.^[2] On 22 August 2011, he issued a petition to the President of the Constitutional Court requesting the court to examine Bozize's health as he suffered from incurable migraine. However, the court rejected his demand as it only accepted the impeachment request.^[9]

On 9 January, Bendounga was appointed as the Minister Delegate for Rural Development, responsible for livestock after the formation of the national unity government.^[10] Later, on 13 June 2013, he became the minister of Livestock and Animal Industries.^[11] As a minister of Livestock and Animal Industries, he signed a contract with a Moroccan farm to import 20,000 chicks and transport them to the country every 5,000 chicks per shipment on behalf of the government and met the Moroccan Agriculture minister to solve the logistical issues.^[12]

Although he served as a minister, he still had a critical stance towards the Djotodia government. On 12 October 2013, he said that MDREC withdrew from CAR'S Democratic Opposition.^[13]Djotodia fired Bendounga as minister of Livestock and Animal Industries on 15 December 2013.^[14]

Several days after resigning from Minister of Livestock and Animal Industries, while walking in the city center, thugs equipped with knives attacked and attempted to assassinate Bendounga. He then immediately ran towards the internet cafe on La Paix's ground floor and sought refuge there. Later, the Congolese contingent of MISCA evacuated him from the internet cafe to the Congolese chancellery.^[15]

On 19 February 2015, during a press conference, Bendounga questioned the proposal of the National Transitional Council's constitution which it would ignite a political crisis as some presidential candidates who were against the NTC president and its cronies would not be allowed to participate in the election.^[16]

In the beginning, Bendounga supported Touadéra. However, he soon became the opposition to his government.^[17] On 13 September 2017, he criticized Simplice Sarandji for including former rebels in the cabinet.^[18] In November 2017, he appealed to the Council of State for the annulment of four decrees issued by the president on the prefects and sub-prefects and the inclusion of former armed groups' representative to Sarandji's cabinet. Nevertheless, the council rejected his plea.^[19]

On 10 May 2018, Bendounga organized a demonstration that denounced the deterioration of Bangui's security situation, and thousands attended it. The police soon diffused the demonstration, and they briefly detained Bendounga. He then planned for another demonstration demanding the lifting of the arms embargo against the CAR government and the rehabilitation of the FACA. However, the government did not approve it and Bendounga was briefly rearrested again.^[20] In reaction to the 2018 Alindao massacre, he called for the boycott of 1st December parade since it was unethical to celebrate the event as the residents who settle in the rebel's control suffered.^[21] He called Touadera's DDR plan of armed groups in Paoua a joke since they refused that initiative.^[22]

Bendounga issued a three-month ultimatum to Touadera to change his policies and threatened to bring him to the High Court of Justice for treason if he did not do it on 17 January 2019. He found that Touadera did not fulfill the promise that he made during the campaign and violated the constitution by including armed group representatives in the government.^[17] On 2 April, he brought Touadera to the high court for violating the constitution, and yet the petition was dismissed by the judges.^[23][24] He criticized the draft electoral code on 20 March 2019, which threatened democracy.^[25] He then was arrested on 15 June 2019 and detained for four days because he attended the opposition meeting.^[26] During the detention, the guards beat him.^[27] Afterward, he left United Front to defend the Fatherland E Zingo Biani.^[3][28] He appealed the prime minister's Decree No. 058 on the establishment of the Strategic Support Committee for the Electoral Process to the Constitutional Court on 27 November. However, the court rejected his appeal claiming that it was unfounded.^[29]

On 20 January 2020, Bendounga filed a request to the constitutional court to revoke the decree for establishing the General Delegation of Public Works, and the court annulled it.^[30] He prosecuted Touadera, Samba-Panza, Djotodia, and Bozize for being responsible for the country's decline in September 2020.^[31] On 6 November 2020, he approached the Constitutional Court and demanded the return of deposits paid by candidates for the legislative and presidential elections since it was against the constitution.^[32][4] Few hours before the announcement of final lists of the presidential candidates, on 2 December 2020, he sued Bozizé, Samba-Panza, and Touadera to the constitutional court to disqualify them running at the election.^[33] Previously, on 27 November 2020, he filed a request to the Constitutional Court to invalidate the candidates from armed groups.^[34]

In the 2021 election, he ran as the MP candidate representing the Bimbo 3 constituency from the MDREC party and won a seat.^[35] Upon becoming the MP, he ran for the President of the National Assembly election with Simplice Sarandji and Martin Ziguélé and only received 1 vote.^[36] During the Radio Ndeke Luka's show on 28 May 2022, he attacked Touadera's security policy for deploying most of FACA soldiers in Bangui to protect the regime.^[37] On 13 July 2022, he asked the constitutional court to abort the proposed amendment of the Constitution of March 30, 2016, as he believed it was "unconstitutional".^[38] However, the constitutional court judges rejected his request and called it "premature".^[39]

Bendounga opposed the 2023 referendum, believing that it was a way for Touadera to "cling to power and change the rules of the democratic game in the Central African Republic" and urged people to stay at home during the vote.^[40] He also believed that constitution revision could not take place amidst the country's situation that was marred by instability.^[41] On 23 June 2023, he launched another appeal of electoral body held by Touadera to the Council of State since it did not follow the law.^[42] Nevertheless, the council turned down his request.^[43] In January 2024, he was against the new electoral code that was passed for not allowing municipal and regional elections held in pastoral communes.^[44]

Although he is critical of the Touadera government, he condemned Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet 's attempted coup by force and suggested to Nguendet to use peaceful means instead.^[45]

Bendounga was against voluntary abortion and demanded the health minister to ban it.^[46]

He opposed the legalization of bitcoin as it would collapse the country's economy.^[47]

Bendounga called Wagner "the vehicle of Russian neocolonialism" and tried to eliminate its business rival.^[48][49]

He is a karate master and belongs to Kaba.^[4][50]