Japanese exonyms are the names of places in the Japanese language that differ from the name given in the place's dominant language.
While Japanese names of places that are not derived from the Chinese language generally tend to represent the endonym or the English exonym as phonetically accurately as possible, the Japanese terms for some place names are obscured, either because the name was borrowed from another language or because of some other obscure etymology, such as referring to England (more specifically the United Kingdom) as イギリス (Igirisu ), which is based on the Portuguese term for "English", Inglês .[1] Exonyms for cities outside of the East Asian cultural sphere tend to be more phonetically accurate to their endonyms than the English exonyms if the endonym is significantly different from the English exonym.
The names for nations and cities that existed before major Japanese orthographic reforms in the Meiji era usually have ateji , or kanji characters used solely to represent pronunciation. However, the use of ateji today has become far less common, as katakana has largely taken over the role of phonetically representing words of non-Sino-Japanese origin. As significant differences exist between the pronunciations of the Chinese and Japanese languages, many of the ateji terms for the exonyms of foreign, non-Sinitic terms are unrecognizable in Chinese, and likewise, since some of the ateji terms derived from Chinese, the aforementioned terms do not match the Japanese on or kun readings for the pronunciation of the given kanji.
Legend † Archaic, obsolete ‡ Rare – Does not exist (N ) Does not exist, but kept on list for linguistic interest, or to prevent common errors.
Afghanistan Afghanistan (Afuganisutan (アフガニスタン ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Kabul Kabūru (カブール ) Kābol (کابل) Dari Kābəl (کابل) Pashto
Algeria Algeria (Arujeria (アルジェリア ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Algiers Aruje (アルジェ ) Dzayer (ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻ) Kabyle Al-jazāʾir (الجزائر) Arabic Constantine Konsutantīnu (コンスタンティーヌ ) Kasantina (ⵇⵙⴻⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ) Kabyle Qusanṭīna (قُسَنْطِينَة) Arabic Oran Oran (オラン ) Wehran (ⵡⴻⵂⵔⴰⵏ) Kabyle Wahrān (وَهْرَان) Arabic
Argentina Argentina (Aruzenchin (アルゼンチン , 亜爾然丁 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Buenos Aires Buenosu Airesu (ブエノスアイレス ) Bushi (ブ市 )
Buenos Aires Spanish Also Bushi (ブ市 ) .
Australia Australia (Ōsutoraria (オーストラリア ), Gōshū (豪州 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Coral Sea Kōraru Shī (コーラル・シー ) Sangokai (珊瑚海 ) Coral Sea English Translation from English Thursday Island Sāzudē Airando (サーズデー・アイランド ) Mokuyōtō (木曜島 ) Thursday Island English Translation from English
Austria Austria (Ōsutoria (オーストリア , 墺太利 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Vienna Wīn (ウィーン ) Wien German Based on German spelling
Brazil Brazil (Burajiru (ブラジル , 伯剌西爾 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Brasília Burajiria (ブラジリア ) Brasília Portuguese Curitiba Kurichiba (クリチバ ) Curitiba Portuguese Rio de Janeiro Riodejaneiro (リオデジャネイロ ) Rio de Janeiro Portuguese São Paulo Sanpauro (サンパウロ ) São Paulo Portuguese
Cambodia Cambodia (Kambojia (カンボジア , 柬埔寨 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Phnom Penh Punonpen (プノンペン ) Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ ) Khmer Siem Reap Shemuriappu (シェムリアップ ) Siĕm-réap (សៀមរាប ) Khmer Sihanoukville Shianūkubiru (シアヌークビル ) Krong Preah Sihanouk (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ ) Khmer Based on English
Chile Chile (Chiri (チリ , 智利 †)), (Chirii (チリー )),† (Chika (智加 ))†English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Santiago Metropolitan Region Shūto-shū (首都州 ) Región Metropolitana de Santiago Spanish
China For place names derived from the Chinese language, Japanese typically uses the kanji equivalents of the Chinese characters that make up their respective endonyms, albeit with a Sino-Japanese pronunciation called on readings . Some place names, however, also have an approximate pronunciation (or transcription) of a historical English exonym if the area is internationally well-known, such as Beijing and Hong Kong, and such transcriptions tend to be more common than the on-yomi or the Mandarin transcriptions. Most place names derived from Mandarin also have a Japanese transcription of the Mandarin pronunciation.
One detail to be noted, however, is that for the names of certain districts or areas in Hong Kong and Macau, the pronunciations of the Japanese transcriptions typically try to imitate the Cantonese pronunciation instead of the Mandarin pronunciation.
The Chinese characters for the endonyms above are simplified Chinese characters and will only appear in the table above if they differ from the kanji shinjitai (the current set of Japanese kanji). Most transcriptions above can be written either in kanji or katakana.
Czech Republic Czech Republic (Cheko (チェコ ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Pilsen Puruzeni (プルゼニ ) Plzeň Czech Prague Puraha (プラハ ) Purāgu (プラーグ ) Puraggu (プラッグ ) Praha Czech
Denmark Denmark (Denmāku (デンマーク , 丁抹 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Billund Birun (ビルン ) Billund Danish Copenhagen Kopenhāgen (コペンハーゲン ) København Danish Transcription based on English Copenhagen [13] Kubunhaun (クブンハウン )
Egypt Egypt (Ejiputo (エジプト , 埃及 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Alexandria Arekusandoria (アレクサンドリア ) al-ʾIskandariyya (الإسكندرية ) Standard Arabic Eskendereyya (اسكندرية ) Egyptian Arabic Cairo Kairo (カイロ ) al-Qāhirah (القاهرة ) Standard Arabic Maṣr (مَصر ) Egyptian Arabic Nile Nairu-gawa (ナイル川 ) an-Nil (النيل ) Standard Arabic en-Nīl (النيل ) Egyptian Arabic
Germany Germany (Doitsu (ドイツ , 独逸 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Berlin Berurin (ベルリン ) Berlin German Cologne Kerun (ケルン ) Köln German Dresden Doresuden (ドレスデン) Dresden German Frankfurt Furankufuruto (フランクフルト ) Frankfurt am Main German Hamburg Hanburuku (ハンブルク ) Hamburg German Hanover Hanōbā (ハノーバー)Hanōfā (ハノーファー)
Hannover German Munich Myunhen (ミュンヘン ) München German
Greece Greece (Girisha (ギリシャ , 希臘 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Athens Atene (アテネ ) Atēnai (アテーナイ )
Athína (Αθήνα) Greek Corinth Korinto (コリント ) Korintosu (コリントス ) Kórinthos (Κόρινθος) Greek Crete Kureta (クレタ ) Kríti (Κρήτη) Greek Marathon Marason (マラソン ) Maraton (マラトン )
Marathónios (Μαραθώνιος) Greek Based on English exonym Olympia Orinpia (オリンピア ) Olympía (Ολυμπία) Greek Filippoi Firippi (フィリッピ ) Fílippi (Φίλιπποι) Greek Santorini Santorīni (サントリーニ ) Thíra (Θήρα) Greek Sparta Suparuta (スパルタ ) Spárti (Σπάρτη) Greek Based on English Thebes Tēbe (テーベ ) Tēbai (テーバイ )
Thíva (Θήβα) Greek Thessalonica Tessaroniki (テッサロニキ ) Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) Greek
Iceland Iceland (Aisurando (アイスランド , 愛斯蘭 , 氷州 ), Hyōtō (氷島 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Reykjavik Reikyabiku (レイキャビク ) Reikyavīku (レイキャウィーク ) Reykjavík Icelandic
India India (Indo (インド , 印度 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Bangalore Bangarōru (バンガロール ) Baṅgalūru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು )Kannada Chennai Chennai (チェンナイ ) Ceṉṉai (சென்னை )Tamil Ganges Ganjisu (ガンジス ) Gaṅgā (गंगा )Hindi Based on English exonym Hyderabad Haiderabādo (ハイデラバード ) Haidarābādu (హైదరాబాదు )Telugu Kolkata Korukata (コルカタ ) Kôlkata (কলকাতা )Bengali Mumbai Munbai (ムンバイ ) Mumbaī (मुंबई )Marathi New Delhi Nyūderī (ニューデリー ) Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली )Hindi Based on English exonym
Since India is home to many different languages and English is an official language in the country, Japanese exonyms are largely based on the English exonyms. The English exonyms are also familiar to many Indians.
Indonesia Indonesia (Indoneshia (インドネシア , 印度尼西亜 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Borneo Karimantan-tou (カリマンタン島 ) Boruneo-tou (ボルネオ島 ) Kalimantan Indonesian
Ireland Ireland (Airurando (アイルランド , 愛蘭 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Dublin Daburin (ダブリン ) Baile Átha Cliath Irish Dublin English
Israel Israel Isuraeru (イスラエル , 以色列 )English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Dead Sea Shikai (死海 ) [14] Yam ha-Melah (ים המלח ) Hebrew Translation of "Dead Sea" Jerusalem Erusaremu (エルサレム ) Yerushaláyim (ירושלים ) Hebrew Nazareth Nazare (ナザレ ) Natsrat (נצרת ) Hebrew
Italy Italy (Itaria (イタリア , 伊太利亜 , 伊太利 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Florence Firentse (フィレンツェ ) Furōrensu (フローレンス ) Firenze Italian Furōrensu based on English exonymVenice Venetsia (ヴェネツィア ) Benetsia (ベネツィア ) Benechia (ベネチア ) Benisu (ベニス ) Venisu (ヴェニス ) Venezia Italian Benisu /Venisu from English work of Shakespeare
Japanese exonyms for Italian place names are generally based on the Italian pronunciation rather than English exonyms.
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan (Kazafusutan (カザフスタン ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Almaty Arumatoi (アルマトイ ) Almatı (Алматы) Kazakh Astana Asutana (アスタナ ) Astana (Астана) Kazakh
Laos Laos (Raosu (ラオス , 羅宇 , 老檛 )) English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Luang Prabang Ruanpabān (ルアンパバーン ) Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ, ຫຼວງພະບາງ) Lao Exonym based on actual Lao pronunciation rather than spelling Vientiane Bienchan (ビエンチャン ) Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) Lao Exonym based on English pronunciation
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein (Rihitenshutain (リヒテンシュタイン )) English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Vaduz Fadūtsu (ファドゥーツ ) Vaduz German
Malaysia Malaysia Marēshia (マレーシア , 馬来西亜 )English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Borneo Boruneo (ボルネオ ) Borneo Malay Johor Bahru Johōrubaru (ジョホールバル ) Johor Bahru Malay Kuala Lumpur Kuararunpūru (クアラルンプール ) Kuala Lumpur Malay Penang Penan (ペナン ) Tōjō-tō (東条島 ) (Former) Pulau Pinang Malay Putrajaya Putorajaya (プトラジャヤ ) Putrajaya Malay
Mexico Mexico (Mekishiko (メキシコ , 墨西哥 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Ciudad Juárez Shiudā Fuaresu (シウダー・フアレス) ) Ciudad Juárez Spanish Cancún Kankun (カンクン ) Cancún Spanish Mexico City Mekishikoshiti (メキシコシティ ) Ciudad de México Spanish Based on the English exonym Monterrey Monterei (モンテレイ ) Monterrey Spanish Oaxaca Oahaka (オアハカ ) Oaxaca Spanish Puebla Puebura (プエブラ ) Puebla Spanish Puerto Vallarta Puerutobajaruta (プエルトバジャルタ ) Puerto Vallarta Spanish Tijuana Tifuana (ティフアナ ) Tiwana (ティワナ ) Tijuana Spanish Tiwana from English pronunciationVeracruz Berakurusu (ベラクルス ) Veracruz Spanish
Myanmar Myanmar (Myanmā (ミャンマー ), (Biruma, †Menden (†緬甸 ) )[15] )English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Bagan Bagan (バガン ) Pu.gam (ပုဂံ ) Burmese Naypyidaw Nepidō (ネピドー ) Ne-pranytau (နေပြည်တော် ) Burmese Yangon Yangon (ヤンゴン ) Rankun (ရန်ကုန်) Burmese
Netherlands Netherlands (Oranda (オランダ , 阿蘭陀 , 和蘭 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Amsterdam Amusuterudamu (アムステルダム ) Amsterdam Dutch The Hague Den Hāgu (デン・ハーグ ) Hāgu (ハーグ ) Den Haag Dutch Rotterdam Rotterudamu (ロッテルダム ) Rotterdam Dutch
New Zealand New Zealand (Nyūjīrando (ニュージーランド ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes North Island Hokutō (北島 ) North Island English Translation from English South Island Nantō (南島 ) South Island English Translation from English
North Korea North Korea (Kita-Chōsen (北朝鮮 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Not on-yomi On-yomi Name Language Kaesong Keson (開城 ) Kaijō‡ Kaesŏng (개성 ) Korean Paektu Mountain Pekuto-san (白頭山 ) [16] Hakutōsan (白頭山 ) [16] Chōhakusan (長白山 ) [16] Paekdusan (백두산 ) Korean On'yomi transcriptions based on Korean and Mandarin Chinese Changbai respectively.Pyongyang Pyon'yan (平壌 ) Heijō‡ P'yŏngyang (평양 ) Korean Sinuiju Shiniju (新義州 ) Shingishū‡ Sinŭiju (신의주 ) Korean Tumen River Tomankan (豆満江 ) Tōmankō Duman'gang (두만강 ) Korean Yalu River Ōryokukō, Ōryokkō (鴨緑江 ) Amrokkang (압록강 ) Korean
Norway Norway (Noruwē (ノルウェー , 諾威 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Oslo Osuro (オスロ ) Oslo Norwegian
Pakistan Pakistan (Pakisutan (パキスタン , 巴基斯坦 )English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Islamabad Isuramabādo (イスラマバード ) Islāmābād (اسلام آباد ) Urdu Karachi Karachi (カラチ ) Karācī (کراچی ) Urdu Lahore Rahōru (ラホール ) Lāhaur (لاہور) Urdu
Philippines Philippines (Firipin (フィリピン, 比律賓 ), Hitō (比島 ))
English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Albay Arubai (アルバイ ) Albay Bikol Bangsamoro Bansamoro (バンサモロ ) Bangsamoro Malay Camarines Norte Kita Kamarinesu (北カマリネス ) Camarines Norte Spanish Camarines Sur Minami Kamarinesu (南カマリネス ) Camarines Sur Spanish Catanduanes Katanduanesu (カタンドゥアネス ) Catanduanes Bikol, Spanish Legazpi Regasupi (レガスピ ) Legazpi Spanish, Bikol Manila Manira (マニラ, 馬尼剌† ) Maynila Tagalog Based on English exonym Masbate Masubate (マスバテ ) Masbate Bikol Sorsogon Sorusogon (ソルソゴン ) Sorsogon Bikol
Poland Poland (Pо̄rando (ポーランド , 波蘭 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Warsaw Warushawa (ワルシャワ ) Warszawa Polish Warusо̄ (ワルソー ) Transcription based on English Warsaw
Portugal Portugal (Porutogaru (ポルトガル , 葡萄牙 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Lisbon Risubon (リスボン ) Lisboa Portuguese Based on English exonym Porto Poruto (ポルト ) Porto Portuguese Based on English exonym
Russia Russia (Roshia (ロシア , 露西亜 ), Rokoku (露国 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Grozny Gurozunui (グロズヌイ ) Groznyj (Грозный) Russian Sölƶa-Ġala (Соьлжа-ГӀала) Chechen Korsakov Ōtomari (大泊 ) Korsakov (Корса́ков) Russian Kurilsk Shana-mura (紗那村 ) Kurilsk (Кури́льск) Russian Moscow Mosukuwa (モスクワ ) Moskva (Москва) Russian Sakhalin Karafuto (樺太 ) Сахалин (Sakhalin) Russian Siberia Shiberia (シベリア, 西比利亜,† 西伯利亜† ) Sibir' (Сибирь) Russian Vladivostok Urajiosutoku (ウラジオストク ) Vladivostok (Владивосток) Russian Yekaterinburg Ekaterinburuku (エカテリンブルク ) Ekaterinburg (Екатеринбург) Russian Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Toyohara (豊原 ) Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Южно-Сахалинск) Russian
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia (Saujiarabia (サウジアラビア ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Mecca Mekka (メッカ ) Makkah (مكة ) Arabic Medina Medina (メディナ ) Madinah (مدينة ) Arabic Riyadh Riyado (リヤド ) Riyadh (رياض ) Arabic
South Africa South Africa (Minami Afurika (南アフリカ ), Nan'a (南亜 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Cape of Good Hope Kibōhō (喜望峰 ) Cape of Good Hope English Translation of Cape of Hope Kaap die Goeie Hoop Afrikaans Johannesburg Yohanesuburugu (ヨハネスブルグ ) Johannesburg Afrikaans Based on Afrikaans pronunciation
South Korea South Korea (Kankoku (韓国 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Not on-yomi On-yomi Busan Pusan (釜山 ) Fuzan Busan (부산 ) Gangnam Kan'namu (江南 ) Kōnan Gangnam (강남 ) Han River (Korea) Hangan (漢江 ) Kankō Hangang (한강 ) Incheon Inchon (仁川 ) Jinsen Incheon (인천 ) Itaewon Itewon (梨泰院 ) Ritai'in Itaewon (이태원 ) Jeju Cheju (済州 ) Saishū Jeju (제주 ) Pyeongchang Pyonchan (平昌 ) Heishō Pyeongchang (평창 ) Seoul Souru (ソウル ) Keijō (京城 ) Seoul (서울 ) Souru usually only written in katakana
While most South Korean place names are derived from words in the Chinese language, Japanese can refer to a Korean place name using Japanese on-yomi (Jeju (濟州 ) is Saishū (さいしゅう ) in Japanese) or a pronunciation that imitates the Korean endonym name as closely as possible (Itaewon (梨泰院 ) is Itewon (イテウォン ) or Ritai'in (りたいいん ) in Japanese). Many place names in Korea have at least two of the pronunciations, the first being based on the Japanese on-yomi or kun-yomi and the second being based on the Korean endonym, with the latter being made so that the Japanese could navigate and ask for directions more clearly to native Koreans. Korean-based pronunciations are usually written in katakana.
Spain Spain (Supein (スペイン , 西班牙 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Barcelona Baruserona (バルセロナ ) Barcelona Spanish Catalan Basque Country Basuku Chihō (バスク地方 ) País Vasco Spanish Euskal Herria Basque Madrid Madorīdo (マドリード ) Madoriddo (マドリッド ) Madrid Spanish Granada Guranada (グラナダ ) Granada Spanish Seville Sebiria (セビリア ) Sevilla Spanish Valencia Barenshia (バレンシア ) Valencia Spanish
Sweden Sweden (Suwēden (スウェーデン , 瑞典 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Stockholm Sutokkuhorumu (ストックホルム ) Stockholm Swedish
Switzerland Switzerland (Suisu (スイス , 瑞西 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Bern Berun (ベルン ) Bern German Geneva Junēbu (ジュネーヴ ) Genève French Lausanne Rōzannu (ローザンヌ ) Lausanne French Zürich Chūrihhi (チューリッヒ ) Zürich German
Taiwan Taiwan (Taiwan (台湾 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Non on-yomi On-yomi Name Language Kaohsiung Takao (高雄 ) [17] Kaoshun[17] (‡Kōyū) Gāoxióng Mandarin Takao is based on the Siraya name for the city.[18] [better source needed ] Ko-hiông Taiwanese Hokkien Kô-hiùng Hakka Kinmen Quemoy Jinmen (金門 ) Kinmon Jīnmén Mandarin Kim-mn̂g-koān Taiwanese Hokkien Kîm-mùn-yen Hakka Taichung Taijon (台中 ) Taitson Taichū Táizhōng (臺中 ) Mandarin Transcriptions based on Mandarin pronunciation and Chinese postal romanization , respectively Tâi-tiong Taiwanese Hokkien Thòi-chûng Hakka Tainan Tainan (台南 ) Táinán (臺南 ) Mandarin Tâi-lâm Taiwanese Hokkien Thòi-nàm Hakka Taipei Taipei (台北 ) Taihoku Táiběi (臺北 ) Mandarin Transcription based on Chinese postal romanization Tâi-pak Taiwanese Hokkien Thòi-pet Hakka Taitung Taidon (台東 ) Taitō Táidōng (臺東 ) Mandarin Transcription based on Mandarin pronunciation Tâi-tang Taiwanese Hokkien Thòi-tûng Hakka
Similar to Chinese exonyms, Japanese can either use a transcription based on Mandarin or the Japanese on-yomi of the endonym. However, there are some Japanese place names that are unrelated to the Chinese name of the place, but are actually based on the Taiwanese aboriginal languages .
Thailand Thailand (Tai (タイ , 泰 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Ayutthaya Ayutaya (アユタヤ ) Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (พระนครศรีอยุธยา) Thai Bangkok Bankoku (バンコク ) Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร) Thai Based on English exonym Chiang Mai Chenmai (チェンマイ ) Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) Thai Chiang Rai Chenrai (チェンライ ) Chiang Rai (เชียงราย) Thai Hua Hin Hoahin (ホアヒン ) Hua Hin (หัวหิน) Thai Krabi Kurabi (クラビ ) Krabi (กระบี่) Thai Pattaya Pataya (パタヤ ) Pattaya (พัทยา) Thai Phi Phi Islands Pīpī Shotō (ピーピー諸島 ) Mu Ko Phi Phi (หมู่เกาะพีพี) Thai Phuket Pūketto (プーケット ) Phuket (ภูเก็ต) Thai Sukhothai Sukōtai (スコータイ ) Sukhothai (สุโขทัย) Thai
Turkey Turkey (Toruko (トルコ , 土耳古 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Ankara Ankara (アンカラ ) Ankara Turkish Cappadocia Kappadokia (カッパドキア ) Kapadokya Turkish Based on English exonym[19] Tarsus Tarususu (タルスス ) Tarsus Turkish Istanbul Isutanbūru (イスタンブール ) İstanbul Turkish Izmir Izumiru (イズミル ) İzmir Turkish
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom United Kingdom (Igirisu (イギリス , 英吉利 ), Egeresu (エゲレス ), Eikoku (英国 ), Rengō Ōkoku (連合王国 ))English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Belfast Berufasuto (ベルファスト ) Belfast English Béal Feirste Irish Cardiff Kādifu (カーディフ ) Cardiff English Caerdydd Welsh Edinburgh Edinbara (エディンバラ ) Ejinbara (エジンバラ ) Edinburgh English Based on the Received Pronunciation of the name as opposed to the Scots pronunciation Scots Northern Ireland Kita Airurando (北アイルランド ) Northern Ireland English Tuaisceart Éirean Irish Gaelic Norlin Airlann Ulster-Scots Oxford Okkusufōdo (オックスフォード , 牛津 ) Oxford English Kanji 牛津 is based on the Chinese name for Oxford Wales Wēruzu (ウェールズ ) Wales English Cymru Welsh
United States United States (Amerika (アメリカ , 亜米利加 ),[21] Beikoku (米国 ),[22] Gasshūkoku (合衆国 ),[23] abbreviation:Bei (米 ) [22] )English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language California Kariforunia (カリフォルニア ) Kashū (加州 ) † California English Golden Gate Bridge Gōruden Gēto Burijji (ゴールデン・ゲート・ブリッジ ) Kinmon-kyō (金門橋 ) Golden Gate Bridge English Kimmonkyou is a translation of "Golden Gate Bridge"Hollywood Hariuddo (ハリウッド ) Shōrin (聖林 ) ‡ Hollywood English Shōrin is a translation of "Holy Wood"Los Angeles Rosanzerusu (ロサンゼルス ) Rafu (羅府 ) † Los Angeles English Rafu is an abbreviation adapted from a now deprecated Chinese transcription for Los Angeles.[24] New York City Nyūyōku (ニューヨーク ) New York City English Pearl Harbor Pāru Hābā (パール・ハーバー ) Shinjuwan (真珠湾 ) Pearl Harbor English Shinju-wan is a translation of "Pearl Harbor"San Francisco Sanfuranshisuko (サンフランシスコ ) Sōkō (桑港 ) ‡ San Francisco English Washington, D.C. Washinton Dīshī (ワシントンD.C. ) Kafu (華府 ) † Washington, DC English
Vietnam Vietnam Betonamu (ベトナム , 越南 )English name Japanese name Endonym Notes Name Language Can Tho Kantō (カントー) Cần Thơ (芹苴 ) Vietnamese Dalat Daratto (ダラット) Đà Lạt (多樂 ) Vietnamese Danang Danan (ダナン ) [25] Đà Nẵng (沱㶞 ) Vietnamese Dien Bien Phu Dienbienfū (ディエンビエンフー ) Điện Biên Phủ (奠邊府 ) Vietnamese Hoi An Hoian (ホイアン ) Hội An (會安 ) Vietnamese Haiphong Haifon (ハイフォン ) Hải Phòng (海防 ) Vietnamese Ha Long Bay Haron-wan (ハロン湾 ) Vịnh Hạ Long (泳下龍 ) Vietnamese Hanoi Hanoi (ハノイ ) Hà Nội (河內 ) Vietnamese Hue Fue (フエ ) Huế (化 ) Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh City Saigon Hōchimin-shi (ホーチミン市 ) Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (城庯胡志明 ) Vietnamese Saigon (サイゴン ) [26] Sài Gòn (柴棍 ) Vietnamese Nha Trang Nyachan (ニャチャン) Nha Trang (芽莊 ) Vietnamese
See also
References Nelson, Andrew N. (1962) The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary (Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Company)
External links