Gun (Chinese: 鯀; pinyin: Gǔn; Wade–Giles: Kun3, lit. "big fish"[1]), also known as Count of Chong (Chinese: 崇伯鯀; pinyin: Chóngbó Gǔn; Wade–Giles: Ch‘ung2-po2 Kun3), is a figure in Chinese mythology, sometimes noted as the father of Yu the Great, the founder of the Xia dynasty.[2] Gun was appointed to the task of controlling the Great Flood by Emperor Yao on the advice of the Four Mountains. Gun used dykes to try to stop the flooding but the dykes collapsed, killing many people.
Count of Chong Gun | |
|---|---|
鯀 | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | Feather Mountain |
| Spouse | Nüzhi (女志) |
| Children | Yu the Great |
| Parent |
|
In mythology
According to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, Gun's father was Zhuanxu, grandfather was Changyi, and great-grandfather was the Yellow Emperor, Changyi & Gun being mere officials, not emperors.[3][4][5][6] Book of Han, quoting Lord Yu Imperial Lineage, stated that Gun was a five-generation-descendant of Zhuanxu.[7] The Classic of Mountains and Seas stated that Gun (also known as "White Horse" Báimǎ) was the son of Luómíng (駱明), who in turn was the son of the Yellow Emperor.[8] Also in many versions of the mythology, Gun appears as a demi-god. In legends, he even discovered some of the secrets of the gods.
In order to make dykes that would ward off floods, he stole Xirang (Chinese: 息壤) (self-renewing soil) from the gods. After the dykes were finished, when the water levels rose, the magical earth of the dyke also rose to keep the water out. It worked very well at first, but when the dykes rose too high (in the legend, they rose to nine rèn 仞 (an ancient Chinese measure of between 1 and 3 meters)), they collapsed, resulting in the death of many people in the subsequent flood. Some legends say that Gun was executed by Emperor Shun on Feather Mountain (at the present day Lianyungang, Jiangsu) with the sword of Wu, other sources however state that he committed suicide by jumping into an abyss, transformed into an animal and became the god of the abyss.[2] Before his death he told his son, Yu the Great, to finish his job.
Classic of Mountains and Seas also records that Gun has family ties to Huantou "Happy Head", also known as Huandou "Happy Helmet", one of the Four Criminals.[9][10] In turn, Zhang Shoujie's Correct Meanings of Records of the Grand Historian (史記正義) identifies Gun with the Taowu ("Block-Stump"), another of those four.[11]
Etymology & Identity
According to Schuessler (2009), 鯀 (standard Chinese gǔn < Old Chinese *kwə̂nʔ) is the same word as 鮌 (gǔn < OC *kwə̂nʔ) and 鯤 (kūn < OC *kûn), the latter being a mythical giant fish mentioned in Zhuangzi.[12][13]
Taiping Yulan (Siku Quanshu version) quotes "Records of Natural Conditions and Social Customs" (風土記) that the 鯤 Kūn[a] is also colloquially known as 海鰌 hǎiqiū (literally: "sea loach"),[15] which in turn has been identied with 鯨鯢 jīngní "bull-whales and cow-whales" by Emperor Yuan of Liang in his treatise Jinlouzi (金樓子 "Master of the Golden Chamber").[16]
In his treatise "Commentaries on a miscellany of marine creatures in Fujian" (閩中海錯疏 Mǐnzhōng hǎicuò shū), Ming scholar Tu Benjun (屠本畯) states that the 馬鮫 mǎjiāo "Chinese mackerel, Chinese seerfish" is also called 章鮌 zhānggǔn.[17] Wolfram Eberhard (1968) suggests that Chinese texts' descriptions of 鯀 Gǔn as a "naked one" and "dark fish" (玄魚)[18][b] fit the eel.[20]
See also
Note
References
Works cited
- 戴逸 (Dai Yi); 龔書鐸 (Gōng Shūduó) (2003). 中國通史. 史前 夏 商 西周 [History of China. Illustrated student edition]. Intelligence Press. ISBN 962-8792-80-6.