The North Island, also officially named Te Ika-a-Māui,[1] is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the larger but much less populous South Island by the Cook Strait. The island's area is 113,729 square kilometres (43,911 sq mi),[2] making it the world's 14th-largest island. It has a population of 3,997,300 (June 2023),[3] accounting for approximately 77% of the total residents of New Zealand.[4]
Twelve main urban areas (half of them officially cities) are in the North Island. From north to south, they are Whangārei, Auckland, Hamilton, Tauranga, Rotorua, Gisborne, New Plymouth, Napier, Hastings, Whanganui, Palmerston North, and New Zealand's capital city Wellington, which is located at the south-west tip of the island. Wellington is the world's southernmost capital of a sovereign state.[5]
Overview
During the Last Glacial Period when sea levels were over 100 metres lower than present day levels, the North and South islands were connected by a vast coastal plain which formed at the South Taranaki Bight.[6] During this period, most of the North Island was covered in thorn scrubland and forest, while the modern-day Northland Peninsula was a subtropical rainforest.[7] Sea levels began to rise 7,000 years ago, eventually separating the islands and linking the Cook Strait to the Tasman Sea.[6]
Bays and coastal features
- Bay of Islands
- Bay of Plenty
- Hauraki Gulf
- Hawke Bay
- Ninety Mile Beach
- North Taranaki Bight
- South Taranaki Bight
Lakes and rivers
Capes and peninsulas
Forests and national parks
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- Egmont National Park
- Tongariro National Park
- Waipoua Kauri Forest
- Whanganui National Park
- and many forest parks of New Zealand
Volcanology
- Mount Ruapehu
- Mount Taranaki (Taranaki Maunga)
- North Island Volcanic Plateau
Other
Climate
The climate of North Island is mainly temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Mean annual temperatures reach up to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north.[8] There is a subtropical influence in the Northland Peninsula.[9][10] Wellington the wettest of major cities in North Island, receiving around 1,200 millimetres (47 in) of precipitation annually.[11] Auckland and Wellington both receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. Snow is rare at sea level in North Island. Snow has accumulated in Wellington on rare occasions, including in 2011.[12][13] Wellington is also the windiest city in the world.[14] Smog can occur on calm winter days in Auckland.[15]
Climate data
| Climate data for Auckland | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) | 30.5 (86.9) | 29.8 (85.6) | 26.5 (79.7) | 24.6 (76.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.0 (71.6) | 23.6 (74.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 28.3 (82.9) | 30.5 (86.9) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 27.6 (81.7) | 27.6 (81.7) | 26.4 (79.5) | 23.7 (74.7) | 21.2 (70.2) | 19.2 (66.6) | 18.3 (64.9) | 17.6 (63.7) | 20.0 (68.0) | 21.3 (70.3) | 22.4 (72.3) | 25.2 (77.4) | 27.6 (81.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.7 (74.7) | 22.4 (72.3) | 20.1 (68.2) | 17.7 (63.9) | 15.5 (59.9) | 14.7 (58.5) | 15.1 (59.2) | 16.5 (61.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 19.5 (67.1) | 21.6 (70.9) | 19.0 (66.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) | 19.7 (67.5) | 18.4 (65.1) | 16.1 (61.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 11.8 (53.2) | 10.9 (51.6) | 11.3 (52.3) | 12.7 (54.9) | 14.2 (57.6) | 15.7 (60.3) | 17.8 (64.0) | 15.2 (59.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) | 15.8 (60.4) | 14.4 (57.9) | 12.1 (53.8) | 10.3 (50.5) | 8.1 (46.6) | 7.1 (44.8) | 7.5 (45.5) | 8.9 (48.0) | 10.4 (50.7) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 11.3 (52.3) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) | 11.8 (53.2) | 10.9 (51.6) | 7.4 (45.3) | 5.5 (41.9) | 2.7 (36.9) | 1.9 (35.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 4.9 (40.8) | 6.5 (43.7) | 8.3 (46.9) | 10.5 (50.9) | 1.9 (35.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) | 8.7 (47.7) | 6.6 (43.9) | 3.9 (39.0) | 0.9 (33.6) | −1.1 (30.0) | −3.9 (25.0) | −1.7 (28.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | −0.6 (30.9) | 4.4 (39.9) | 7.0 (44.6) | −3.9 (25.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 73.3 (2.89) | 66.1 (2.60) | 87.3 (3.44) | 99.4 (3.91) | 112.6 (4.43) | 126.4 (4.98) | 145.1 (5.71) | 118.4 (4.66) | 105.1 (4.14) | 100.2 (3.94) | 85.8 (3.38) | 92.8 (3.65) | 1,210.7 (47.67) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.0 | 7.1 | 8.4 | 10.6 | 12.0 | 14.8 | 16.0 | 14.9 | 12.8 | 12.0 | 10.3 | 9.3 | 135.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79.3 | 79.8 | 80.3 | 83.0 | 85.8 | 89.8 | 88.9 | 86.2 | 81.3 | 78.5 | 77.2 | 77.6 | 82.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 228.8 | 194.9 | 189.2 | 157.3 | 139.8 | 110.3 | 128.1 | 142.9 | 148.6 | 178.1 | 188.1 | 197.2 | 2,003.1 |
| Source 1: NIWA Climate Data,[16] CliFlo[17] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: MetService[18][19] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kelburn, Wellington | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.3 (86.5) | 30.1 (86.2) | 28.3 (82.9) | 27.3 (81.1) | 22.0 (71.6) | 18.3 (64.9) | 17.6 (63.7) | 19.3 (66.7) | 21.9 (71.4) | 25.1 (77.2) | 26.9 (80.4) | 29.1 (84.4) | 30.3 (86.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) | 20.4 (68.7) | 19.0 (66.2) | 16.6 (61.9) | 14.0 (57.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 11.2 (52.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 13.4 (56.1) | 15.0 (59.0) | 16.7 (62.1) | 18.7 (65.7) | 15.8 (60.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 15.7 (60.3) | 13.7 (56.7) | 11.4 (52.5) | 9.3 (48.7) | 8.6 (47.5) | 9.2 (48.6) | 10.5 (50.9) | 11.9 (53.4) | 13.4 (56.1) | 15.3 (59.5) | 12.7 (54.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) | 13.4 (56.1) | 12.4 (54.3) | 10.7 (51.3) | 8.6 (47.5) | 6.7 (44.1) | 5.9 (42.6) | 6.4 (43.5) | 7.5 (45.5) | 8.8 (47.8) | 10.2 (50.4) | 12.0 (53.6) | 9.7 (49.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 5.2 (41.4) | 4.6 (40.3) | 2.6 (36.7) | 1.0 (33.8) | −0.1 (31.8) | 0.0 (32.0) | −0.1 (31.8) | 0.2 (32.4) | 1.2 (34.2) | 1.7 (35.1) | 3.4 (38.1) | −0.1 (31.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 77.5 (3.05) | 77.0 (3.03) | 85.8 (3.38) | 100.9 (3.97) | 120.7 (4.75) | 132.4 (5.21) | 136.0 (5.35) | 125.5 (4.94) | 100.8 (3.97) | 110.3 (4.34) | 91.5 (3.60) | 92.0 (3.62) | 1,250.4 (49.23) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.2 | 6.9 | 8.2 | 9.4 | 11.6 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.1 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 124.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79.4 | 81.5 | 82.1 | 82.7 | 84.3 | 86.0 | 85.8 | 84.3 | 80.6 | 80.3 | 79.0 | 79.7 | 82.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 238.6 | 205.7 | 194.0 | 154.4 | 126.6 | 102.4 | 112.5 | 137.3 | 162.6 | 191.4 | 209.6 | 222.9 | 2,058.1 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 52 | 54 | 51 | 47 | 42 | 37 | 38 | 42 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 46 |
| Source: CliFlo[20] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Hamilton | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.3 (75.7) | 22.7 (72.9) | 19.9 (67.8) | 16.9 (62.4) | 14.3 (57.7) | 13.8 (56.8) | 14.7 (58.5) | 16.5 (61.7) | 17.9 (64.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 18.9 (66.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.8 (65.8) | 17.1 (62.8) | 14.5 (58.1) | 11.9 (53.4) | 9.5 (49.1) | 8.9 (48.0) | 9.8 (49.6) | 11.6 (52.9) | 13.2 (55.8) | 14.9 (58.8) | 16.9 (62.4) | 13.8 (56.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 11.4 (52.5) | 9.1 (48.4) | 6.9 (44.4) | 4.7 (40.5) | 4.0 (39.2) | 4.9 (40.8) | 6.7 (44.1) | 8.4 (47.1) | 9.9 (49.8) | 11.9 (53.4) | 8.7 (47.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 76.3 (3.00) | 68.7 (2.70) | 79.4 (3.13) | 80.3 (3.16) | 99.7 (3.93) | 113.2 (4.46) | 118.2 (4.65) | 103.4 (4.07) | 91.5 (3.60) | 91.9 (3.62) | 85.0 (3.35) | 100.7 (3.96) | 1,108.2 (43.63) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.8 | 6.2 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 11.0 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 13.3 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 124.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80.5 | 84.3 | 84.7 | 86.4 | 89.9 | 91.4 | 90.8 | 88.2 | 83.2 | 81.9 | 79.1 | 79.9 | 85.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 229.8 | 192.9 | 193.3 | 165.1 | 138.3 | 112.8 | 126.4 | 144.1 | 147.5 | 174.8 | 187.1 | 207.6 | 2,019.6 |
| Source: NIWA[21] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Taupō | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 17.2 (63.0) | 14.1 (57.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 11.9 (53.4) | 13.9 (57.0) | 15.8 (60.4) | 18.3 (64.9) | 20.7 (69.3) | 16.9 (62.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) | 17.1 (62.8) | 14.9 (58.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 9.4 (48.9) | 7.4 (45.3) | 6.5 (43.7) | 7.2 (45.0) | 9.2 (48.6) | 11.1 (52.0) | 13.1 (55.6) | 15.6 (60.1) | 11.7 (53.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) | 11.6 (52.9) | 9.5 (49.1) | 6.8 (44.2) | 4.8 (40.6) | 3.0 (37.4) | 2.1 (35.8) | 2.7 (36.9) | 4.5 (40.1) | 6.4 (43.5) | 7.9 (46.2) | 10.5 (50.9) | 6.7 (44.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 77.3 (3.04) | 67.9 (2.67) | 66.5 (2.62) | 68.4 (2.69) | 74.9 (2.95) | 92.8 (3.65) | 96.0 (3.78) | 87.4 (3.44) | 81.6 (3.21) | 86.2 (3.39) | 67.9 (2.67) | 93.6 (3.69) | 960.3 (37.81) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 7.7 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 8.7 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 8.2 | 9.2 | 109.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 224.3 | 202.6 | 179.7 | 156.3 | 126.3 | 96.1 | 116.5 | 134.6 | 140.0 | 179.6 | 190.4 | 204.6 | 1,950.9 |
| Source: NIWA Climate Data[22] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Napier | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.5 (76.1) | 24.2 (75.6) | 22.7 (72.9) | 19.9 (67.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 15.0 (59.0) | 14.1 (57.4) | 15.1 (59.2) | 17.3 (63.1) | 19.2 (66.6) | 20.9 (69.6) | 23.2 (73.8) | 19.5 (67.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.5 (67.1) | 19.4 (66.9) | 17.7 (63.9) | 15.0 (59.0) | 12.4 (54.3) | 10.0 (50.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 10.3 (50.5) | 12.3 (54.1) | 14.3 (57.7) | 16.1 (61.0) | 18.4 (65.1) | 14.6 (58.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) | 14.6 (58.3) | 12.7 (54.9) | 10.3 (50.5) | 8.5 (47.3) | 6.8 (44.2) | 5.6 (42.1) | 6.4 (43.5) | 8.1 (46.6) | 9.6 (49.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 13.0 (55.4) | 10.0 (50.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46.8 (1.84) | 54.3 (2.14) | 66.8 (2.63) | 67.9 (2.67) | 74.8 (2.94) | 82.1 (3.23) | 108.3 (4.26) | 60.1 (2.37) | 57.9 (2.28) | 59.9 (2.36) | 52.4 (2.06) | 53.5 (2.11) | 784.8 (30.90) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.0 | 5.9 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 8.8 | 9.4 | 8.2 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 88.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 69.9 | 73.9 | 74.6 | 77.1 | 78.7 | 79.9 | 79.6 | 76.0 | 69.2 | 67.3 | 67.8 | 67.0 | 73.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 249.3 | 202.6 | 201.7 | 172.4 | 155.6 | 130.7 | 134.7 | 166.8 | 181.2 | 213.9 | 216.2 | 233.7 | 2,258.7 |
| Source: NIWA Climate Data[23] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Whangārei | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.3 (75.7) | 24.3 (75.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 20.5 (68.9) | 18.1 (64.6) | 16.1 (61.0) | 15.3 (59.5) | 15.7 (60.3) | 17.3 (63.1) | 18.7 (65.7) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.8 (73.0) | 19.7 (67.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) | 20.2 (68.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 16.6 (61.9) | 14.4 (57.9) | 12.4 (54.3) | 11.6 (52.9) | 11.9 (53.4) | 13.3 (55.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 16.4 (61.5) | 18.5 (65.3) | 15.7 (60.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) | 16.1 (61.0) | 14.7 (58.5) | 12.8 (55.0) | 10.8 (51.4) | 8.7 (47.7) | 7.8 (46.0) | 8.2 (46.8) | 9.3 (48.7) | 10.7 (51.3) | 12.3 (54.1) | 14.2 (57.6) | 11.8 (53.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 81.2 (3.20) | 95.2 (3.75) | 118.1 (4.65) | 98.9 (3.89) | 111.2 (4.38) | 131.5 (5.18) | 168.6 (6.64) | 128.4 (5.06) | 112.2 (4.42) | 85.3 (3.36) | 77.1 (3.04) | 96.4 (3.80) | 1,304 (51.34) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.9 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 12.6 | 10.5 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 132.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80.4 | 83.5 | 84.2 | 86.0 | 88.0 | 89.5 | 88.9 | 86.1 | 81.2 | 79.8 | 77.2 | 78.0 | 83.6 |
| Source: NIWA Climate Data[24] | |||||||||||||