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Foreign relations of Lebanon

The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria, however beginning with the formation of Hezbollah in 1982, Iran had gradually grown to heavily influence Lebanon.[1][2]

The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, and security. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy charted a more independent course.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Lebanon maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1  United Kingdom27 March 1942[3]
2  Iraq24 February 1944[4]
3  Saudi Arabia9 April 1944[5]
4  Poland1 August 1944[6]
5  Russia3 August 1944[7]
6  Iran21 September 1944[8]
7  United States16 November 1944[9]
8  France25 November 1944[10]
9  Belgium25 November 1944[11]
10  Egypt30 November 1944[12]
11  Mexico12 June 1945[13]
12  Chile28 June 1945[14][15]
13  Uruguay25 October 1945[16]
14  Brazil13 November 1945[17]
15  Argentina22 November 1946[18]
16   Switzerland27 February 1946[19]
17  Turkey8 March 1946[20]
18  Panama30 April 1946[21]
19  Serbia18 May 1946[22]
20  Venezuela10 July 1946[23]
21  Czech Republic21 September 1946[24]
22  Jordan1 October 1946[25]
23  Philippines24 October 1946[26]
24  Italy20 November 1946[27]
—  Holy See17 March 1947[28]
25  Greece17 June 1947[29]
26  Sweden7 February 1946[30]
27  Spain5 March 1948[31]
28  Norway10 August 1948[32]
29  AfghanistanAugust 1948[33]
30  Ecuador15 September 1948[34]
31  India15 September 1948[35]
32  Pakistan15 September 1948[36]
33  Colombia29 October 1948[37]
34  Bolivia28 May 1949[38][39]
35  Ethiopia31 July 1949[40]
36  Peru1949[41]
37  Indonesia27 February 1950[42]
38  Paraguay12 May 1950[43]
39  Netherlands12 October 1950[44]
40  Luxembourg21 November 1950[45]
41  Liberia1 January 1951[46]
42  Honduras16 January 1951[47]
43  Austria6 December 1951[48]
44  Nicaragua29 July 1952
45  Germany20 May 1953[49]
46  Denmark6 October 1953[50]
47  Yemen1953[51]
48  Finland21 June 1954[52]
49  Canada26 August 1954[53]
50  JapanNovember 1954[54]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta1955[55]
51  Portugal1955[56]
52  Morocco1956[57]
53  Sudan1956[58]
54  Tunisia1957[59]
55  Thailand3 February 1958[60]
56  Ghana30 March 1959[61][62]
57  Haiti21 May 1959[63]
58  Guinea3 June 1960[64]
59  Cuba15 June 1960[65]
60  Cyprus20 September 1960[66]
61  Dominican Republic1960[67]
62  Nigeria8 January 1961[68]
63  Senegal22 April 1961[69]
64  Sierra Leone27 April 1961[70]
65  Kuwait27 September 1961[71]
66  Ivory Coast4 October 1961[72]
67  Somalia6 October 1961[73]
68  Mali9 October 1961[74]
69  Niger11 March 1962[75]
70  Togo7 June 1962[76]
71  Benin27 June 1962[77]
72  Algeria18 December 1962[78]
73  Burkina Faso1962[79]
74  Cameroon1962[80]
75  Gabon1962[81]
76  Jamaica7 May 1963[82]
77  Laos15 July 1963[83]
78  Malaysia16 July 1963[84]
79    Nepal18 August 1963[85]
80  Chad1963[86]
81  Trinidad and Tobago1963[87]
82  Romania6 January 1965[88]
83  Gambia24 May 1965[89]
84  Hungary30 November 1965[90]
85  Bulgaria19 September 1966[91]
86  Central African Republic1966[92]
87  Zambia3 February 1967[93]
88  Australia5 February 1967[94]
89  Kenya16 August 1967[95]
90  Singapore3 May 1969[96]
91  Mauritania10 June 1971[97]
92  China9 November 1971[98]
93  United Arab Emirates8 January 1972[99]
94  Qatar11 April 1972[100]
95  Bahrain29 May 1972[101]
96  Democratic Republic of the CongoJune 1972[102]
97  Oman2 January 1973[103]
98  Bangladesh28 March 1973[104]
99  Iceland28 March 1973[105]
100  Albania28 May 1974[106]
101  Ireland12 December 1974[107]
102  Malta1 July 1975[108]
103  New Zealand25 November 1980[109]
104  North Korea12 February 1981[110]
105  South Korea12 February 1981[111]
106  Vietnam12 February 1981[112]
107  Djibouti11 March 1981[113]
108  Maldives25 February 1988[114]
109  Guatemala31 January 1990[115]
110  Armenia4 March 1992[116]
111  Azerbaijan28 September 1992[117]
112  Ukraine14 December 1992[118]
113  Slovakia1 January 1993[119]
114  Lithuania18 March 1993[120]
115  Georgia1 April 1993[121]
116  Kazakhstan20 April 1993[122]
117  Turkmenistan6 May 1993[123]
118  Slovenia29 July 1993[124]
119  Eritrea3 September 1993[125]
120  Brunei18 May 1994[126]
121  Moldova8 June 1994[127]
122  Croatia5 December 1994[128]
123  Guyana2 March 1995[129]
124  Suriname26 April 1995[130]
125  Bosnia and Herzegovina22 June 1995[131]
126  South Africa18 November 1995[132]
127  Belarus21 March 1996[133]
128  Tajikistan21 June 1996[134]
129  Angola3 July 1996[135]
130  Sri Lanka7 May 1997[136]
131  Latvia16 January 1998[137]
132  Mongolia5 February 1998[138]
133  Mozambique20 April 1998[139]
134  Uzbekistan22 October 1998[140]
135  Andorra24 March 1999[141]
136  Liechtenstein9 June 2000[142]
137  Republic of the Congo12 April 2001[143]
138  Belize29 June 2001[144]
139  Estonia3 September 2001[145]
140  East TimorApril 2005[146]
141  Lesotho1 September 2005[147]
142  Costa Rica24 August 2007[148]
143  El Salvador25 September 2007[149]
144  Syria15 October 2008[150][151]
145  Equatorial Guinea21 November 2008[152]
146  Montenegro4 December 2008[153]
147  Fiji10 October 2010[154]
—  State of Palestine17 August 2011[155]
148  San Marino5 November 2012[156]
149  South Sudan23 May 2014[157]
150  Rwanda21 April 2017[158]
151  Antigua and BarbudaApril 2017[159]
152  Madagascar5 May 2017[160]
153  Kyrgyzstan29 June 2017[161]
154  Malawi18 October 2017[162]
155  Monaco22 January 2019[163]
156  Uganda5 March 2019[164]
157  Vanuatu25 September 2019[165]
158  Marshall Islands26 September 2019[166]
159  Guinea-Bissau20 October 2020[167]
160  Cape Verde20 May 2021[168]
161  Zimbabwe29 March 2022[169]
162  LibyaUnknown
163  TanzaniaUnknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Algeria18 December 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1962 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Lebanon to Algeria Mr Hussein El Jissr.[78]
  • Algeria has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Algiers.
 Benin27 June 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1962 when first ambassador of Lebanon to Dahomey presented his credentials to President Hubert Maga.[77]
 Cameroon1962Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Cameroon with residence in Dakar M. Mohamed Ali Hamade.[80]
 Central African Republic1966Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Central African Republic (resident in Accra) M. Khalil Itani.[92]
 Côte d'Ivoire4 October 1961[72]

Approximately 100,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Côte d'Ivoire.

21 April 1961 established Embassy of Lebanon in Abidjan

 Democratic Republic of CongoJune 1972
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • The Democratic Republic of Congo has a consulate in Beirut.
 Djibouti11 March 1981Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1981 when first Ambassador of Lebanon to Djibouti (resident in Khartoum) Mr. Ibrahim Marouche presented his credentials to President M. Hassan Gouled Aptidon.[113]
 Egypt30 November 1944Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1944 when was opened Legation of Lebanon in Cairo.[12]

Severed diplomatic relations 26 April 1979, restored 28 June 1989.

  • Egypt has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
 Ethiopia31 July 194931 July 1949 was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia to Lebanon Mr. Fitaorari Tafesse Habte Mikael[40]
  • Ethiopia has a consulate-general in Beirut.
 Gabon1962Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when Ambassador of Lebanon to Gabon M. Mohamed Ali Hamade presented his credentials to President Leon Mba.[81]
 Gambia24 May 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1965[89]
 Ghana30 March 1959Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1959.[61][62]
  • Ghana is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Accra.
 Guinea3 June 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1960 when Lebanese Government appointed its Minister to Liberia to be Minister to Guinea as well.[64]
  • Guinea is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Conakry.
 Guinea-Bissau20 October 2020Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 2020 when Ambassador of Lebanon to Guinea-Bissau Mr. Fadi Zein has presented his credentials to President Ùmaro El Mokhtar Sissoco Embaló.[167]
 Liberia1 January 1951Both countries established diplomatic relations when Liberian and Lebanese Governments to raise their Consulates General to the status of Legations, and a proclamation was issued announcing that the change would take effect from 1 January 1951.[46] In 1957 both countries raise their Legations to status of Embassies[170]
 Libya1955
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tripoli.
  • Libya is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo.
 Malawi18 October 2017Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2017 when ambassador of Malawi Mrs. Caroline Bwanali Mussa, has presented his credentials to President of Lebanon Michel Aoun.[162]
 Mali9 October 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 1961 when first Lebanese Ambassador to Mali (resident in Accra) Dr. Karim Azqul presented his credentials to President Modibo Keita.[74]
 Mauritania10 June 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1971[97]
 Morocco
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Beirut.
 Niger11 March 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1962, when the first Lebanese Ambassador to Niger, Jean Hadji Thomas, presented his credentials to President Hamani Diori[75]
 Nigeria8 January 19618 January 1961 Lebanese Consulate in Lagos was raised to level Embassy.[68] Nigeria opened its Embassy in Beirut in 1982
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Beirut.
 Rwanda21 April 2017Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 2017[158]
 Senegal22 April 1961

Approximately 30,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Senegal.

On22 April 1961, the Lebanese Consulate General in Dakar was raised to level Embassy[69]

 Sierra Leone27 April 1961

Approximately 30,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Sierra Leone.

27 April 1961 Lebanese Consulate General in Freetown was raised to status Embassy[70]

 Somalia6 October 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961[73]
 South Africa18 November 1995Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1995[132]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Damascus, Syria.
 Sudan
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Khartoum.
  • Sudan has an embassy in Beirut.
 Togo7 June 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1962 when first Ambassador of Lebanon to Togo (resident in Dakar) Mr. Mohammed Ali Hamade presented his credentials.[76]
 Tunisia
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Beirut.

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Argentina22 November 1945[18]See Argentina–Lebanon relations
 Bolivia28 May 1949Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1949 when has been accredited Charge d'Affaires of Lebanon to Bolivia (resident in Bogota) Mr. Nazih Lahoud.[38][39]
 Brazil13 November 1945See Brazil–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945[17]

 Canada26 August 1954[53]See Canada–Lebanon relations

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Canada in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and an embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1958.

 Chile28 June 1945See Chile–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1945.[14][15]

 Colombia29 October 1948Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1948.[37]
 Costa Rica29 July 1952Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1952, but was broke off in May 1984, re-established on 24 August 2007
 Cuba15 June 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1960.[65]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Havana.
 Ecuador15 September 1948Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1948 when has been accredited Mr. Nazih Lahoud as Minister of Lebanon to Ecuador (Resident in Bogota).[34]
 El Salvador29 July 1952Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1952, but broke off diplomatic relations 10 May 1984, re-established 25 September 2007
  • El Salvador is accredited to Lebanon from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.
  • Lebanon is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Mexico City.
 Honduras16 January 1951Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1951 when in official note approval was granted for Mr. Joseph Aboukater to serve as Extraordinary Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to the Government of Honduras, with residence in Mexico.[47]
 Mexico12 June 1945See Lebanon–Mexico relations
  • Mexico was among the first nations to recognize Lebanon's independence in 1943.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Mexico City.[177]
  • Mexico has an embassy in Beirut.[178]
  • The Centro Libanés and "Club Deportivo Libanés" in Mexico City are important symbols representing the historically cultural and social ties between both countries.
  • See also Lebanese Mexicans.
 Panama30 April 1946
  • Panama has a consulate-general in Beirut.
 Paraguay12 May 1950Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1950.[43]
 Trinidad and Tobago1963Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Caracas) M. Halim Shebaya.[87]
 United States16 November 1944See Lebanon–United States relations

The United States' interaction with Lebanon extends back to events such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis, which it sent in troops to fortify the government's position. Lebanon's southern neighbor, Israel, has also sent troops on several occasions, and attacked into Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. A possible source of friction between the U.S. and Lebanon is that most of Israel's weaponry is US-made, arguing possible US complicity in Israel's attacks.

 Uruguay25 October 1945See Lebanon–Uruguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1945[16]

 Venezuela10 July 1946[182]

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 AfghanistanAugust 1948Both countries established diplomatic relations in August 1948 when has been accredited Minister of Afghanistan to Lebanon (Resident in Bagdad) Mr. Ghulam Yahya Tarzi.[33]
 Armenia4 March 1992See Armenia–Lebanon relations

The Embassy of Armenia to Lebanon was opened in June 1994. The Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Yerevan in September 1997.

Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on July 27, 2006.[183][184] On May 11, 2000, the Lebanese parliament voted to recognize the Armenian genocide.[185] Lebanon is the first Arab country and one of the few countries of the world to have done so.

 Azerbaijan18 September 1992See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon is accredited to Azerbaijan through its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
 Bahrain29 May 1972
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Manama.
 Bangladesh28 March 1973Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973[104]
 China9 November 1971See China–Lebanon relations

China and Lebanon established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1954 and the embassy in Taipei opened in 1957. Lebanon shifted recognition from the Taipei-based Republic to the People's Republic on 9 November 1971.[98]

  • China has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Beijing.

In June 2020, Lebanon was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[186]

China opened the first Confucius Institute in the Middle East in Lebanon in 2006.[187]

 India15 September 1948See India-Lebanon relations
 IndonesiaSee Indonesia–Lebanon relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran21 September 1944See Iran–Lebanon relations and Iranian influence in Lebanon

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1944.[8]

  • Iran has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tehran.
 Iraq24 February 1944See Iraq–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relatiobns on 24 February 1944 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Lebanon Mr. Tahsin Kadri presented his credentials as first foreign diplomatic representatives, who presented his letters of credentials to President Lebanon Mr.Bechara Khoury.[4]

Lebanon and Iraq share the same language and mutual support for each other in conflicts, Lebanon's relations with Iraq have at most times been cold. Issues include the Lebanese Government's strong material and political assistance of Hezbollah and ongoing clashes in Iraq between the Sunnis and Shias.

 IsraelSee Israel–Lebanon relations
 JapanNovember 1954In 1954 Legation of Japan opened in Lebanon, in 1957 Legation of Lebanon opened in Tokyo. In 1959 both Legations was upgrades to Embassies
  • Japan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Jordan1 October 1946See Jordan–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1946 when has been accredited Minister of Transjordan to Lebanon Mr. Mohamed Ali Ajlouni.[25]

  • Jordan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.
 Kazakhstan20 April 1993
 Kuwait27 September 1961[71]
 Malaysia16 July 1963See Lebanon–Malaysia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1963[84]

 Pakistan15 September 1948See Lebanon–Pakistan relations
  • Pakistan does not recognize Israel, which has hostile relations with Lebanon, as a legitimate country.[190]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Beirut.
 Palestine17 August 2011Lebanon and State of Palestine established diplomatic relations on 17 August 2011 when Palestinian diplomatic representation was raised to level an embassy and opened the Embassy of the State of Palestine to the Republic of Lebanon.[155]
  • Palestine has an embassy in Beirut.
 Qatar11 April 1972
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Beirut.
 Saudi Arabia9 April 1944See Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Beirut.
 South Korea12 February 1981
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Beirut.
 Syria15 October 2008[151]See Lebanon–Syria relations 15 October 2008 opened Embassies in both countries

The relationship between these two neighboring countries in Western Asia is complex: Syria has had troops stationed in Lebanon and has exerted political influence in the nation for many years.[191] However, Syria has only officially recognised Lebanon's sovereignty recently.[192]

 Turkey8 March 1946See Lebanon–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[20]

  • Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Beirut.
 United Arab Emirates8 January 1972See Lebanon–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Beirut.
 Yemen1953Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1953 when has been accredited Minister of Yemen Embassy in Lebanon Dr. Adnan Tarcici.[51]

Europe

Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002, the accord becoming known as the EU-Lebanon Association Agreement. The EU-Lebanon Action Plan from January 19, 2007, gave a new impetus to bilateral relations in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy.

Lebanon is one of the main Mediterranean beneficiaries of community assistance and the EU through its various instruments is Lebanon's leading donor. Starting from 2007 financial support is channeled through the European Neighborhood Policy Instrument. A Lebanon Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013 and a National Indicative Program 2007–2010 have been adopted by the EU. The assistance provided was refocused after the Second Lebanon War to engage in real help for the government and the society in reconstruction and reform of the country.[193]

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Austria6 December 1951Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1951 when has been accredited Minister of Austria to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) M. Robert Friedinger-Pranter.[48]
 Belgium25 November 1944Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when established Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Belgium.[11]
 Bulgaria19 September 1966
 Croatia
  • Croatia is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
 Denmark6 October 1953Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1953 when was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Lebanon (resident in Cairo) Mr. G. L. Host[50]
  • Denmark has an embassy in Beirut.[195]
  • Lebanon is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[196]
 Finland21 June 1954Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1954[197]
 France25 November 1944See France–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1944 when has been appointed Mr. Ahmad Daouk as Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to France. And 25 December 1944 has been opened Lebanese Legation (Embassy) in Paris.[10]

In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered ties with Syria to be suspended until proof Damascus was not interfering in the Lebanese political crisis was established.[198] A week after Sarkozy's statement in Cairo, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al Muallem announced Syria was ceasing their ties with France.[199] "Syria has decided to cease cooperation with France on the Lebanese crisis" said Mouallem. In July 2008, France and Syria decided to open embassies in each other's countries.[200] In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime.[201]

  • France has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon as an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
 Germany20 May 1953See Germany–Lebanon relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Berlin.
 Greece17 June 1947See Greece–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials[29]

The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Greece has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Athens. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie.

  • Greece has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Athens.
 Holy See17 March 1947See Holy See–Lebanon relations

The Holy See has played a major role in the peace negotiations of Lebanon. It has sought to unify Christian factions that were separated after the Lebanese civil war. At the same time, it sought to reduce Christian-Muslim tensions and to preserve Christian communities that have been declining in many parts of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East.

 Hungary30 November 1965
  • Hungary opened its Embassy in Beirut in 1970.
  • Lebanon opened Embassy in Budapest in 1994.[202]
 Ireland12 December 1974
  • Ireland is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon is accredited to Ireland from its embassy in London, UK.
 Italy20 November 1946See Italy–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Charge d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini.[27]

Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955.[203]

Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949.[citation needed] Rome supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement.[citation needed] Also, Italian companies, from almost all sectors, operate in Lebanon.[citation needed]

  • Italy has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Rome.
 Liechtenstein9 June 2000Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 2000 when accredited first Ambassador of Lebanon to Liechtenstein (resident in Berne) Mr. Samir Hobeica[142]
 Netherlands12 October 1950Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 October 1950[44]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Beirut.
 Poland20 October 19561 August 1944 Lebanon established diplomatic relations with Polish Government in exile in London. On October 20, 1956, the government of Lebanon accepted the initiative of the government of the Polish People's Republic regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations at the level of the deputies, which meant simultaneous withdrawal of the recognition of the Polish government in exile.[204]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Beirut.
 Romania6 January 1965See Lebanon–Romania relations
 Russia3 August 1944See Lebanon–Russia relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Beirut.
 Spain5 March 1948See Lebanon–Spain relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Beirut.
 Sweden7 February 1946
  • Lebanon has an Embassy in Stockholm
  • Sweden has an Embassy in Beirut
  Switzerland27 February 1946Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1946
 Ukraine14 December 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1992
  • Embassy of Ukraine in Beirut was opened in August 1995[206]
  • Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Kyiv until February 2022.[207]
 United Kingdom27 March 1942Both countries established full diplomatic relations on 27 March 1942, when General Sir Edward Spears of the United Kingdom presented letters of credence to President Naccache of Lebanon[3]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Beirut.

Oceania

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Australia5 February 196720 February 1967 opened Australian Embassy in Beirut. It was closed in 1984 because of the security situation in Beirut. The Embassy was formally re-opened on 18 July 1995[208]
 Marshall Islands26 September 2019Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2019
 New Zealand25 November 198025 November 1980 first Lebanese Ambassador to New Zealand with residence in Canberra Mr. Raymond Heneine presented his letters of credentials to Governor General of New Zealand.[109]
  • Lebanon is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

See also

References and footnotes

  • Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain; Caplan, Neil (1998). Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21159-X.
  • Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1984). Israel's Lebanon War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-47991-1.
  • Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32112-6.

Representations of foreign nations in Lebanon

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