Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary

The ethno-linguistic composition of Austria-Hungary according to the census of 31 December 1910 was as follows:^[1]

Population

Area	Number	%
Cisleithania^[2]	28,571,934	55.6
Transleithania^[3]	20,886,487	40.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)	1,931,802	3.8
Total	51,390,223	100.0

Largest cities

Data: census in 1910^[4]^[5]

Austrian Empire
Rank	Current English name	Contemporary official name^[6]	Other	Present-day country	Population in 1910	Present-day population
1.	Vienna	Wien	Bécs, Beč, Dunaj	Austria	2,031,498 (city without the suburb 1,481,970)	1,840,573 (Metro: 2,600,000)
2.	Prague	Prag, Praha	Prága	Czech Republic	668,000 (city without the suburb 223,741)	1,301,132 (Metro: 2,620,000)
3.	Trieste	Triest	Trieszt, Trst	Italy	229,510	204,420
4.	Lviv	Lemberg, Lwów	Ilyvó, Львів, Lvov, Львов	Ukraine	206,113	728,545
5.	Kraków	Krakau, Kraków	Krakkó, Krakov	Poland	151,886	762,508
6.	Graz		Grác, Gradec	Austria	151,781	328,276
7.	Brno	Brünn, Brno	Berén, Börön, Börénvásár	Czech Republic	125,737	377,028
8.	Chernivtsi	Czernowitz	Csernyivci, Cernăuți, Чернівці	Ukraine	87,128	242,300
9.	Plzeň	Pilsen, Plzeň	Pilzen	Czech Republic	80,343	169,858
10.	Linz		Linec	Austria	67,817	200,841

Kingdom of Hungary
Rank	Current English name	Contemporary official name^[6]	Other	Present-day country	Population in 1910	Present-day population
1.	Budapest		Budimpešta	Hungary	1,232,026 (city without the suburb 880,371)	1,735,711 (Metro: 3,303,786)
2.	Szeged		Szegedin, Segedin	Hungary	118,328	170,285
3.	Subotica	Szabadka	Суботица	Serbia	94,610	105,681
4.	Debrecen			Hungary	92,729	208,016
5.	Zagreb		Zágráb, Agram	Croatia	79,038	803,000 (Metro: 1,228,941)
6.	Bratislava	Pozsony	Pressburg, Prešporok	Slovakia	78,223	425,167
7.	Timișoara	Temesvár	Temeswar	Romania	72,555	319,279
8.	Kecskemét			Hungary	66,834	111,411
9.	Oradea	Nagyvárad	Großwardein	Romania	64,169	196,367
10.	Arad	Arad		Romania	63,166	159,074
11.	Hódmezővásárhely			Hungary	62,445	46,047
12.	Cluj-Napoca	Kolozsvár	Klausenburg	Romania	60,808	324,576
13.	Újpest			Hungary	55,197	100,694
14.	Miskolc			Hungary	51,459	157,177
15.	Pécs			Hungary	49,852	145,347

Languages

In the Austrian Empire (Cisleithania), the census of 1911 recorded Umgangssprache, everyday language. Jews and those using German in offices often stated German as their Umgangssprache, even when having a different Muttersprache. The Istro-Romanians were counted as Romanians.

In the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania), the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language.^[7] This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population^[11]) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).^[12]

Language	Number	%
German	12,006,521	23.36
Hungarian	10,056,315	19.57
Czech	6,442,133	12.54
Serbo-Croatian	5,621,797	10.94
Polish	4,976,804	9.68
Ruthenian	3,997,831	7.78
Romanian	3,224,147	6.27
Slovak	1,967,970	3.83
Slovene	1,255,620	2.44
Italian	768,422	1.50
Other	1,072,663	2.09
Total	51,390,223	100.00

Cisleithanian states (Austrian Empire)

Land	Main language	Others (if more than 2%)
Bohemia	Czech (63.2%)	German (36.8%)
Dalmatia	Serbo-Croatian (94.6%)	Italian (2.8%)
Galicia	Polish (58.6%)	Ruthenian (40.2%)
Lower Austria	German (95.9%)	Czech (3.8%)
Upper Austria	German (99.7%)
Bukovina	Ruthenian (38.4%)	Romanian (34.4%), German (21.2%), Polish (4.6%)
Carinthia	German (78.6%)	Slovenian (20.7%)
Carniola	Slovenian (94.4%)	German (4.9%)
Salzburg	German (99.7%)
Austrian Silesia	German (43.9%)	Polish (31.7%), Czech (24.3%)
Styria	German (70.5%)	Slovenian (28.4%)
Moravia	Czech (71.8%)	German (27.6%)
County of Tyrol	German (57.3%)	Italian (42.1%)
Austrian Littoral	Italian (39.6%)	Slovenian (29.5%), Serbo-Croatian (18.8%), German (3.1%)
Vorarlberg	German (95.4%)	Italian (4.4%)

Transleithanian lands (Kingdom of Hungary)

Land	Mother tongues (1910 census)^[7]^[13]
Kingdom of Hungary	Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%)
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia	Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)


Land	Hungarian	Romanian	German	Slovak	Croatian	Serbian	Ruthenian	Other	Total
Danube Right Bank	72% (2,221,295)	0% (833)	18% (555,694)	0.6% (17,188)	5.5% (168,436)	0.5% (15,170)	0% (232)	3.4% (105,556)	14.8% (3,084,404)
Danube Left Bank	32.7% (711,654)	0% (704)	6.6% (144,395)	58.8% (1,279,574)	0.1% (2,294)	0% (200)	0% (393)	1.7% (36,710)	10.4% (2,175,924)
Danube-Tisza	81.2% (3,061,066)	0.1% (4,813)	9.5% (357,822)	2.1% (79,354)	0.1% (4,866)	4.1% (154,298)	0.3% (11,121)	4.1% (96,318)	18% (3,769,658)
Tisza Right Bank	53.5% (945,990)	0.1% (1,910)	5.6% (98,564)	25% (441,776)	0% (486)	0% (247)	14.3% (253,062)	1.6% (27,646)	8.5% (1,769,681)
Tisza Left Bank	61.8% (1,603,924)	24% (621,918)	3.2% (83,229)	3.1% (81,154)	0% (327)	0% (321)	7.5% (194,504)	0.3% (8,547)	12.4% (2,594,924)
Tisza-Maros	22.2% (474,988)	39.5% (845,850)	19.9% (427,253)	2.1% (44,715)	0.2% (4,950)	13.6% (290,434)	0.1% (3,188)	2.4% (50,391)	10.3% (2,141,769)
Transylvania	34.3% (918,217)	55% (1,472,021)	8.7% (234,085)	0.1% (2,404)	0% (523)	0% (421)	0.1% (1,759)	1.8% (48,937)	12.8% (2,678,367)
Fiume	13% (6,493)	0.3% (137)	4.6% (2,315)	0.4% (192)	26% (12,926)	0.9% (425)	0% (11)	54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian)	0.2% (49,806)
Croatia-Slavonia	4% (105,948)	0% (846)	5.1% (134,078)	0.8% (21,613)	62.5% (1,638,354)	24.6% (644,955)	0.3% (8,317)	2.6% (67,843)	12.6% (2,621,954)
Total	48.1% (10,050,575)	14.1% (2,949,032)	9.8% (2,037,435)	9.4% (1,967,970)	8.8% (1,833,162)	5.3% (1,106,471)	2.3% (472,587)	2.2% (469,255)	100% (20,886,487)

Historical regions

Region	Mother Tongues	Hungarian language	Other languages
Transylvania	Romanian – 2,819,467 (54%)	1,658,045 (31.7%)	German – 550,964 (10.5%)
Upper Hungary	Slovak – 1,688,413 (57.9%)	881,320 (30.2%)	German – 198,405 (6.8%)
Délvidék	Serbo-Croatian – 601,770 (39.8%)	425,672 (28.1%)	German – 324,017 (21.4%) Romanian – 75,318 (5.0%) Slovak – 56,690 (3.7%)
Transcarpathia	Ruthenian – 330,010 (54.5%)	185,433 (30.6%)	German – 64,257 (10.6%)
Fiume	Italian – 24,212 (48.6%)	6,493 (13%)	Serbo-Croatian – 13,351 (26.8%) Slovene - 2,336 (4.7%) German - 2,315 (4.6%)
Őrvidék	German – 217,072 (74.4%)	26,225 (9%)	Croatian – 43,633 (15%)
Muravidék	Slovene – 74,199 (80.4%) – in 1921	14,065 (15.2%) – in 1921	German – 2,540 (2.8%) – in 1921

The Germans in Croatia were mainly living in the eastern parts of the country where they had been settled along the Drava and Danube rivers, and the former Military Frontier (Militärgrenze), after the Habsburg (re)conquest of the area from the Ottomans in 1687.

Religions

Religions/Confessions	in all of Austria-Hungary	Austrian part	Hungarian part	Bosnia and Herzegovina
Catholics	76.6%	90.9%	61.8%	22.9%
Protestants	8.9%	2.1%	19%	0.3%
Orthodox	8.7%	2.3%	14.3%	43.5%
Jews	4.4%	4.7%	4.9%	0.6%
Muslims	1.3%	0%	0%	32.7%

Sources

Taylor, A.J.P. (1948). The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918 – A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. London: Hamish Hamilton.

References

William R. Shepherd: "Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary", Historical Atlas, 1911 [1]

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