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Comparison of commercial battery types

This is a list of commercially-available battery types summarizing some of their characteristics for ready comparison.

Common characteristics

Cell chemistryAlso known asElectrodeRe­charge­ableCom­mercial­izedVoltageEnergy densitySpecific powerCost†Discharge efficiencySelf-discharge rateShelf life
AnodeElectrolyteCathodeCutoffNominal100% SOCby massby volume
yearVVVMJ/kg
(Wh/kg)		MJ/L
(Wh/L)		W/kgWh/$
($/kWh)		%%/monthyears
Lead–acidSLA
VRLA
PbAc		LeadH2SO4Lead dioxideYes1881[1]1.75[2]2.1[2]2.23–2.32[2]0.11–0.14
(30–40)[2]		0.22–0.27
(60–75)[2]		180[2]5.44–13.99
(72–184)[2]		50–92[2]3–20[2]
Zinc–carbonCarbon–zincZincNH4ClManganese (IV) oxideNo1898[3]0.75–0.9[3]1.5[3]0.13
(36)[3]		0.33
(92)[3]		10–27[3]2.49
(402)[3]		50–60[3]0.32[3]3–5[4]
Zinc–airPRKOHOxygenNo1932[5]0.9[5]1.45–1.65[5]1.59
(442)[5]		6.02
(1,673)[5]		100[5]2.18
(460)[5]		60–70[5]0.17[5]3[5]
Mercury oxide–zincMercuric oxide
Mercury cell		NaOH/KOHMercuric oxideNo1942–[6] 1996[7]0.9[8]1.35[8]0.36–0.44
(99–123)[8]		1.1–1.8
(300–500)[8]		2[6]
AlkalineZn/MnO
2
LR		KOHManganese (IV) oxideNo1949[9]0.9[10]1.5[11]1.6[10]0.31–0.68
(85–190)[12]		0.90–1.56
(250–434)[12]		50[12]0.39
(2574)[12]		45–85[12]0.17[12]5–10[4]
Rechargeable alkalineRAMKOHYes1992[13]0.9[14]1.57[14]1.6[14] <1[13]
Silver-oxideSRNaOH/KOHSilver oxideNo1960[15]1.2[16]1.55[16]1.6[17]0.47
(130)[17]		1.8
(500)[17]
Nickel–zincNiZnKOHNickel oxide hydroxideYes2009[13]0.9[13]1.65[13]1.85[13]13[13]
Nickel–ironNiFeIronKOHYes1901[18]0.75[19]1.2[19]1.65[19]0.07–0.09
(19–25)[20]		0.45
(125)[21]		1003.31–4.41
(227–302)[1]		20–3030–[22] 50[23][24]
Nickel–cadmiumNiCd
NiCad		CadmiumKOHYesc. 1960[25]0.9–1.05[26]1.2[27]1.3[26]0.11
(30)[27]		0.36
(100)[27]		150–200[28]10[13]
Nickel–hydrogenNiH
2
Ni-H
2		HydrogenKOHYes1975[29]1.0[30]1.55[28]0.16–0.23
(45–65)[28]		0.22
(60)[31]		150–200[28]5[31]
Nickel–metal hydrideNiMH
Ni-MH		Metal hydrideKOH|Yes1990[1]0.9–1.05[26]1.2[11]1.3[26]0.36
(100)[11]		1.44
(401)[32]		250–1,0002.65
(378)[1]		30[33]
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydrideLSD NiMHYes2005[34]0.9–1.05[26]1.21.3[26]0.34
(95)[35]		1.27
(353)[36]		250–1,0000.42[33]
Lithium–manganese dioxideLithium
Li-MnO
2
CR
Li-Mn		LithiumManganese dioxideNo1976[37]2[38]3[11]0.54–1.19
(150–330)[39]		1.1–2.6
(300–710)[39]		250–400[39]15–10[39]
Lithium–carbon monofluorideLi-(CF)
x
BR		Carbon monofluorideNo1976[37]2[40]3[40]0.94–2.81
(260–780)[39]		1.58–5.32
(440–1,478)[39]		50–80[39]0.2–0.3[41]15[39]
Lithium–iron disulfideLi-FeS
2
FR		Iron disulfideNo1989[42]0.9[42]1.5[42]1.8[42]1.07
(297)[42]		2.1
(580)[43]		10-20[43]
Lithium–titanateLi
4Ti
5O
12
LTO
Lithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideYes2008[44]1.6–1.8[45]2.3–2.4[45]2.8[45]0.22–0.40
(60–110)		0.64
(177)		3,000–5,100[46]0.39
(2539)[46]		85[46]2–5[46]10–20[46]
Lithium cobalt oxideLiCoO
2
ICR
LCO
Li‑cobalt[47]		Graphite‡LiPF6/LiBF4/ LiClO4Lithium cobalt oxideYes1991[48]2.5[49]3.7[50]4.2[49]0.70
(195)[50]		2.0
(560)[50]		2.21
(453)[1]
Lithium iron phosphateLiFePO
4
IFR
LFP
Li‑phosphate[47]		Lithium iron phosphateYes1996[51]2[49]3.2[50]3.65[49]0.32–0.58
(90–160)[50][52][53]		1.20
(333)[50][52]		200[54]–1,200[55]4.520 years[56]
Lithium manganese oxideLiMn
2O
4
IMR
LMO
Li‑manganese[47]		Lithium manganese oxideYes1999[1]2.5[57]3.9[50]4.2[57]0.54
(150)[50]		1.5
(420)[50]		2.21
(453)[1]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxidesLiNiCoAlO
2
NCA
NCR
Li‑aluminium[47]		Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxideYes19993.0[58]3.6[50]4.3[58]0.79
(220)[50]		2.2
(600)[50]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideLiNi
xMn
yCo
1-x-yO
2
INR
NMC[47]
NCM[50]		Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxideYes2008[59]2.5[49]3.6[50]4.2[49]0.74
(205)[50]		2.1
(580)[50]

^† Cost in USD, adjusted for inflation.

^‡ Typical. See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics

Cell chemistryCharge efficiencyCycle durability
%# 100% depth of discharge (DoD) cycles
Lead–acid50–92[2]50–100[60] (500@40%DoD[2][60])
Rechargeable alkaline5–100[13]
Nickel–zinc100 to 50% capacity[13]
Nickel–iron65–805,000
Nickel–cadmium70–90500[25]
Nickel–hydrogen8520,000[31]
Nickel–metal hydride66300–800[13]
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery500–1,500[13]
Lithium cobalt oxide90500–1,000
Lithium–titanate85–906,000–10,000 to 90% capacity[46]
Lithium iron phosphate902,500[54]–12,000 to 80% capacity[61]
Lithium manganese oxide90300–700

Thermal runaway

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here.[62]

Cell chemistryOverchargeOverheat
OnsetOnsetRunawayPeak
SOC%°C°C°C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide150[62]165[62]190[62]440[62]
Lithium iron phosphate100[62]220[62]240[62]21[62]
Lithium manganese oxide110[62]210[62]240[62]100+[62]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide125[62]140[62]195[62]260[62]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide170[62]160[62]230[62]100+[62]

NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li–polymer vs. LTO

TypesCell VoltageSelf-dischargeMemoryCycles TimesTemperatureWeight
NiCd1.2V20%/monthYesUp to 800-20 °C to 60 °CHeavy
NiMH1.2V30%/monthMildUp to 500-20 °C to 70 °CMiddle
Low Self Discharge NiMH1.2V3%/year–1%/monthNo500–2,000-20 °C to 70 °CMiddle
Li-ion (LCO)3.6V5–10%/monthNo500–1,000-20 °C to 60 °CLight
LiFePO4 (LFP)3.2V2–5%/monthNo2,500–12,000[61]-20 °C to 60 °CLight
LiPo (LCO)3.7V5–10%/monthNo500–1,000-20 °C to 60 °CLightest
Li–Ti (LTO)2.4V2–5%/month[46]No6,000–20,000-40 °C to 75 °CLight

[63]

See also

References

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