Ceratiola

C. ericoides is commonly known as Florida rosemary,^[3] sand heath,^[4] scrub rosemary,^[5] or sandhill rosemary.^[6]

C. ericoides is the sole species in the genus Ceratiola.^[2] It was formerly included in the plant family Empetraceae, which since 2002 has been reclassified as the tribe Empetreae in the Ericoideae sub-family of the Ericaceae family.^[3][7]

C. ericoides is native to subtropical scrub and dry sandy habitats on the Atlantic Coastal Plain in the southeastern United States, including Georgia and South Carolina, throughout Florida, and in coastal counties of Alabama and Mississippi.^[8] It commonly occurs in Florida scrubs together with sand pine and evergreen scrub oaks.^[9]

Florida rosemary can grow to 6 feet (1.8 m) tall. The growth form is a rounded shrub with dense branching. Dark green leaves are needle-like, eight to twelve mm long and one mm wide, and smell like the herb rosemary. The yellow to brown flowers are small. Green or yellow fruit are three mm in diameter.^[10]

The Florida rosemary is dioecious and wind pollinated. Flowers are in the leaf axils on the previous years growth.^[11] Flowers bloom on leaf axils of the previous year's growth from September through October. Fruits ripen in January through April. Flowers and fruit may remain on the plant year-round.^[12] Plants do not produce seed until they are 10 to 15 years old. Seed production per plant increases until age 20 to 30 years. Seed production begins to fall off in plants more than 35 years old.^[13][a] The fruit is a drupe containing two seeds. It is juicy and yellow in color. The fruit and seeds are consumed primarily by the Florida harvester ant, the oldfield mouse, the eastern towhee, and the Florida scrub jay. Seeds eaten by ants and mice are destroyed, while those in fruits eaten by birds pass through the birds' digestive tracts unharmed. Seeds in soil lose viability in less than 10 years.^[15]

Florida rosemary plants release a chemical called ceratiolin into the soil, which breaks down into hydrocinnamic acid, which in turn inhibits the growth of other plants, and of rosemary seeds (a process called allelopathy). Decomposition by microbiota, fire, and other disturbances to the soil break down the hydrocinnamic acid, allowing other plants to grow, and rosemary seeds to sprout.^[16]

Florida scrub communities typically experience fires at 15 to 100 year intervals,^[17] which kill all plants, including rosemary.^[18] If a scrub patch burns less than ten years after a previous fire, there will not be seeds available in the soil to sprout into new rosemary plants. Johnson suggests that the falloff in seed production after a plant passes 35 years in age indicates that fires usually occur no more than 40 years after a previous fire, so that there is no selective pressure to continue producing large seed crops past 40 years.^[19]

• Gibson, David J.; Menges, Eric S. (June 1994). "Population structure and spatial pattern in the dioecious shrub Ceratiola ericoides". Journal of Vegetation Science. 5 (3): 337–346. doi:10.2307/3235857.
• Johnson, Ann F. (July 1982). "Some Demographic Characteristics of the Florida Rosemary Ceratiola ericoides Michx". The American Midland Naturalist. 108 (1): 170–174. JSTOR 2425306.
• Kron, K.A.; Judd, W.S.; Stevens, P.F.; Crayn, D.M.; Anderberg, A.A.; Gadek, P.A.; Quinn, C.J. & Luteyn, J.L. (2002). "Phylogenetic Classification of Ericaceae: Molecular and Morphological Evidence". The Botanical Review. 68 (3): 335–423. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0335:pcoema]2.0.co;2. S2CID 35699816.
• Menges, Eric S.; Hawkes, Christine V. (November 1998). "Interactive Effects of Fire and Microhabitat on Plants of Florida Scrub". Ecological Applications. 8 (4): 935–946. doi:10.1890/1051-0761.
• Myers, Roland L. (1990). "Scrub and High Pine". In Myers, Ronald L.; Ewel, John J. (eds.). Ecosystems of Florida. Orlando, Florida: University of Central Florida Press. pp. 150–193. ISBN 0-8130-1022-5.
• Richardson, Donald R.; Hall, Jaclyn (Winter 2004). "The Last Remaining Rosemary Bald in Pinellas County, Florida". Florida Scientist. 67 (1): 9–17. JSTOR 24321895.
• Schmidt, John Paul (6 September 2007). "Sex ratio and spatial patterns of males and females in the dioecious sandhill shrub, Ceratiola ericoides ericoides (Empetreaceae) Michx". Plant Ecology. 196: 281–288. doi:10.1007/s11258-007-9353-2.

• Fact sheet on the species, from the Georgia Department of Natural Resources