The Book of Mormon witnesses were a group of contemporaries of Joseph Smith who claimed to have seen the golden plates from which Smith translated the Book of Mormon. The most significant witnesses were the Three Witnesses and the Eight Witnesses, all of whom allowed their names to be used on two separate statements included with the Book of Mormon. Critics have challenged the nature and reliability of the accounts, but church leaders contend that none of the witnesses ever denied what they saw.
Three Witnesses
The Three Witnesses were a group of three early leaders of the Latter Day Saint movement who wrote in a statement of 1829 that an angel had shown them the golden plates from which Joseph Smith translated the Book of Mormon and that they had heard God's voice testifying that the book had been translated by the power of God.
The Three Witnesses were Oliver Cowdery, Martin Harris, and David Whitmer, whose joint testimony, in conjunction with a separate statement by Eight Witnesses, has been printed with every edition of the Book of Mormon since its first publication in 1830. All three witnesses eventually broke with Smith and were excommunicated from the church.[1] In 1838, Joseph Smith called Cowdery, Harris, and Whitmer "too mean to mention; and we had liked to have forgotten them."[2] Oliver Cowdery temporarily became a member of the Methodist Church, while Martin Harris adopted some Shaker beliefs. After the death of Joseph Smith, Harris and Cowdery sought rebaptism in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[3][4] and Whitmer founded the Church of Christ (Whitmerite).[5]
Eight Witnesses
The Eight Witnesses were the second of the two groups of "special witnesses" to the Book of Mormon's golden plates. They were all members of the Whitmer or Smith families: Christian Whitmer; Jacob Whitmer; Peter Whitmer, Jr.; John Whitmer; Hiram Page; Joseph Smith, Sr.; Hyrum Smith; and Samuel Harrison Smith. Joseph Smith Sr. was Joseph's father, and Hyrum and Samuel H. Smith were his brothers. Christian, Jacob, Peter Jr. and John were David Whitmer's brothers, and Hiram Page was his brother-in-law.[6]
Unlike the Three Witnesses, the Eight testified that they both saw and handled the plates. Another difference is that the Eight testified they were shown the plates by Joseph Smith rather than by an angel as the Three had. Christian Whitmer died in 1835 and his brother Peter Whitmer, Jr. died the following year. In 1838, the surviving Whitmers became estranged from Joseph Smith during a leadership struggle in Far West, Missouri, and all three were excommunicated with other dissenters,[7] never to rejoin The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. None of the Eight Witnesses are known to have denied his testimony of the authenticity of the Book of Mormon or the golden plates.[8]
| Name | Date of birth | Place of birth | Occupation | Death | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian Whitmer | 18 January 1798 (Age 31) | Harrisburg, Pennsylvania | Shoemaker, law enforcement officer | 27 November 1835 | |
| Jacob Whitmer |  | 27 January 1800 (Age 29) | Harrisburg, Pennsylvania | Shoemaker | 21 April 1856 |
| Peter Whitmer, Jr. | 27 September 1809 (Age 19) | Fayette, New York | Tailor | 22 September 1836 | |
| John Whitmer |  | 27 August 1809 (Age 20) | Harrisburg, Pennsylvania | Farmer | 11 July 1878 |
| Hiram Page | c. 1800 (Age 29) | Vermont | Physician | 12 August 1852 Excelsior Springs, Missouri | |
| Joseph Smith, Sr. |  | 12 July 1771 (Age 58) | Topsfield, Massachusetts | Farmer, schoolteacher | 14 September 1840 |
| Hyrum Smith |  | 9 February 1800 (Age 29) | Tunbridge, Vermont | Farmer, schoolteacher | 27 June 1844 |
| Samuel H. Smith |  | 13 March 1808 (Age 21) | Tunbridge, Vermont | Farmer | 27 July 1844 |
Another witness
Mary Musselman Whitmer (1778–1856), the mother of five Witnesses, who took care of the household in Fayette, New York, where much of the translation occurred, said that an angel showed her the plates and thus made her more content to continue her daily labors.[9] Joseph Smith made no mention of this visitation in his journal.
Responses
Criticism
Critics of the Latter Day Saint movement—from late nineteenth-century clergymen to Mark Twain to modern agnostics, evangelical Christians, and even some unorthodox ("Big Tent") Mormons—argue that the testimonies of the witnesses cannot be taken at face value.
- According to Grant H. Palmer, the Book of Mormon witnesses had a "nineteenth-century magical mindset" rather than "a rationalist perspective." They believed in what was called "second sight. Traditionally, this included the ability to see spirits and their dwelling places within the local hills and elsewhere."[10] A number of the witnesses possessed and used seer stones; Oliver Cowdery was a rodsman.[11] As Tufts University professor John L. Brooke has observed, many of the earliest Mormons were "very much attuned to the supernatural powers of witchcraft."[12] "Far removed from our own modern empiricism, the world view of the witnesses is difficult for us to grasp," and thus it is less impressive that "three signatories to the Book of Mormon saw and heard an angel."[13]
- All the witnesses were family, close friends, or financial backers of Joseph Smith. Cowdery, Page, and the five Whitmers were related by marriage.[14] Mark Twain later joked, "I could not feel more satisfied and at rest if the entire Whitmer family had testified."[15]
- Although Harris continued to testify to the truth of the Book of Mormon even when he was estranged from the church, at least during the early years of the movement, he "seems to have repeatedly admitted the internal, subjective nature of his visionary experience."[16]
- After Smith's death, James Strang, claiming to be Smith's chosen successor, also produced buried plates and the testimony of eleven witnesses to their authenticity. All living witnesses to the Book of Mormon (except possibly Cowdery)—three of the Whitmers, Martin Harris, and Hiram Page—accepted at least briefly Strang's "leadership, angelic call, metal plates, and his translation of these plates as authentic."[17]
Apologetics
- LDS church leaders and student manuals note that none of the witnesses ever denied his testimony as it was printed in the Book of Mormon nor denied that Smith was a true prophet at the time he translated the book.[18]
- Apologists note that after being excommunicated, Harris and Cowdery later returned to the church.[19]
