Arba'in pilgrimage

In the Islamic calendar, twentieth of Safar is known as Arba'in,^[1][2] which marks forty days after Ashura, tenth of Muharram.^[3] In turn, Ashura is the death anniversary of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam.^[4] Husayn was killed on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 CE), alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, in the Battle of Karbala against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683), having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby Euphrates river. After the battle, women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the Umayyad capital Damascus in Syria. The battle followed failed negotiations and Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral.^[5][6][7] The fight took place in the desert land of Karbala, en route to the nearby Kufa, whose residents had earlier invited Husayn to lead them against Yazid.^[8]

In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil,^[9][10] the pinnacle of self-sacrifice,^[11] and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission.^[12] Historically, the event served to crystallize the Shia community into a distinct sect and remains an integral part of their religious identity to date.^[13][14] Ashura to Arba'in is thus a period of mourning for Shia Muslims,^[15] particularly the first ten days of Muharram and Arba'in.^[16][3][17] On the one hand, Shia mourners hope to share in the pain of Husayn to benefit from his intercession on the Day of Judgement.^[18][19] On the other, the Shia minority views mourning for Husayn as an act of protest against oppression, and as such a struggle for God (jihad).^[20][21]

Forty is a sacred number in Islam,^[3] and commemorating the dead forty days after their death is a long-standing Islamic tradition,^[22][23][3] dating back to the early Islamic period.^[22] Shia tradition attaches a similar significance to Arba'in, the fortieth of Husayn.^[22] Probably by combining the accounts available to him,^[22] the Shia scholar Ibn Tawus (d. 1266) reports that Husayn's relatives returned via Karbala to their hometown of Medina when they were freed from captivity in Damascus. Upon arrival in Karbala on Arba'in,^[24][25] they met Jabir ibn Abd Allah (d. 697), a companion of Muhammad,^[22] who had learned about the death of Husayn through a divine sign.^[3] This origin story was repeated by many authors after Ibn Tawus, even though several scholars before Ibn Tawus report only the Arba'in pilgrimage of Jabir.^[22] The veracity of Ibn Tawus' account has therefore been questioned by some, including the Shia scholar Husain Noori Tabarsi (d. 1902) and the Islamicist Mahmoud M. Ayoub (d. 2021).^[22][3] Ayoub adds that Arba'in is not mentioned in Kamil al-ziyarat, an early and authoritative hadith collection by the Shia traditionist Ibn Qulawayh (d. c. 978).^[3] Whatever the case, such narratives may have helped establish Arba'in in Shia culture.^[22]

Risking the Umayyads' wrath, the commemoration of Karbala was initially small and private.^[26][27] In particular, pilgrimage to Karbala remained limited and precarious during the Umayyad period.^[28] Soon after the Umayyads fell, however, Shia imams worked to institutionalize the Ashura and Arba'in pilgrimages to the tomb of Husayn, as reflected in some of the traditions ascribed to the imams. For instance, the Shia imam Hasan al-Askari (d. c. 874) is reported to have listed the Arba'in pilgrimage among the five signs of a true believer.^[22]

Arba'in is a day of pilgrimage to the shrine of Husayn in Karbala, Iraq. Pilgrims arrive there in large numbers, often on foot. The most popular route is Najaf to Karbala, as many pilgrims first travel to Najaf and then walk from there to Karbala, some eighty kilometers away, which takes about three days on foot. Along the way, volunteers provide the pilgrims with free meals and services.^[29] In Karbala alone, seven thousand of such hospitality units (mawakib, sg. mawkib) were set up in 2014.^[30] Indeed, this generosity and hospitality are said to characterize the Arba'in pilgrimage. When the pilgrims finally reach the shrine of Husayn in Karbala, they recite the ziyara of Arba'in, a supplication for this occasion.^[29]

As with other Shia rituals of Karbala,^[31] the Arba'in pilgrimage was banned by the Iraqi president Saddam Hussein (r. 1979–2003),^[32] who favored the Sunni community in Iraq,^[31] and viewed large Shia rituals as a political threat.^[32] The pilgrimage was revived immediately after the deposal of Saddam in 2003,^[32] with numbers growing from two million participants in that year to nine million in 2008,^[32][33] and around twenty million in 2014,^[34][35] making that year's pilgrimage the second largest gathering in history.^[36] The figure reached twenty-two million in 2015, according to Iraq's state-run media.^[37] In 2016, al-Khoei Foundation estimated around twenty-two million pilgrims.^[38] Even though the Hindu festival Kumbh Mela draws a larger crowd, it is held once every three years, which makes the Arba'in pilgrimage "the world's largest annual gathering in one place."^[34]

Unlike the voluntary Arba'in pilgrimage, performing Hajj once is obligatory for every Muslim who can afford it and is physically capable. Nevertheless, tight regulations on Hajj by Saudi authorities have driven up its costs, making pilgrimage to Shia shrines an affordable alternative for Shia Muslims. In recent years, Karbala has consistently received ten to twenty million pilgrims, compared to less than three million Hajj pilgrims in 2018.^[39]

During the pilgrimage "copious supplies of food, small clinics and even dentists are available for pilgrims and they all work for free. The care of pilgrims is regarded as a religious duty."^[40] Along the roads to Karbala, mawakib provide "accommodation, food and beverage and medical services," and practically anything else the pilgrims need for free.^[41]

As with Ashura,^[42] Arba'in can be an occasion for Sunni violence against Shia Muslims.^[43][44][45] For instance, a suicide bomber killed at least forty-four Arba'in pilgrims and wounded some seventy others in 2012 near Nasiriya, Iraq.^[46] In another attack in 2013, at least twenty pilgrims were killed and another fifty were wounded by a car bomb.^[47] The pilgrimage is therefore performed under tightened security, guarded by tens of thousands of Iraqi forces,^[48] and supported by Iranian advisers at least in 2015.^[49] In the same year, the Iraqi police seized eighteen booby-trapped dolls, stuffed with explosives, which were intended to be scattered on the roads leading to Karbala during the Arba'in pilgrimage.^[50][51]

As with other Shia rituals of Karbala,^[31] the Arba'in pilgrimage was banned by Saddam Hussein,^[32] who favored the Sunni minority in Iraq,^[31] and viewed Shia rituals as a political threat.^[32] The pilgrimage was revived immediately after his deposal in 2003 and that year's march to Karbala thus symbolized Shia defiance of Sunni regional powers. The 2003 pilgrimage also set off a regional wave of Sunni violence against the Shia minority as scores of Shia mourners were killed in multiple bombings in the following Ashura.^[52] Later on, as millions of Shias risked their lives by their participation, the Arba'in pilgrimage embodied their protests against the rise of ISIL, a Sunni extremist militant group with aspirations for a hardline Sunni caliphate and responsible for several Shia massacres.^[35][53] In recent years, the participation of non-Iraqi Shias in the Arba'in pilgrimage has fostered a sense of solidarity among Shias. In particular, the unprecedented Iranian attendance in recent pilgrimages could be an indication of Iran's victories against its Sunni regional rivals. Yet the Arba'in pilgrimage also exposes the rivalries between different political currents within the Shia community.^[35]

The Arba'in pilgrimage remains largely unknown in the West, even though it is far larger than Hajj.^[53] Some have therefore accused the Western media of censoring or minimizing the annual Shia march.^{[54][55][56][57]}

In 2016, Asharq al-Awsat, a Saudi-owned news site, reported from the World Health Organization (WHO) that "unplanned pregnancies and [...] disease" were seen "following the arrival of scores of unregulated Iranians to take part in the annual Shia pilgrimage to Karbala." The article added that 169 unmarried women were impregrated by Iranian pilgrims.^[58][59] These claims later proved to be fabricated. They were rejected by the WHO, which also condemned the use of its name for spreading false news.^[59][60][61] The Iraqi prime minister Haider al-Abadi and some other Shia leaders similarly condemned the report,^[59] which had further described the arrival of Iranian pilgrims as an "incursion against Iraqi sovereignty" and warned that they would spread diseases in Iraq.^[58]

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  Arba'in pilgrims
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  A man grilling meat to serve the Arba'in pilgrims
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  Free meals are distributed by volunteers
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  A man holding a tray full of dates for pilgrims
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  Volunteers that serve the Arba'in pilgrims
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  An Iranian volunteer distributing free drinks