Angelica is a genus of about 90 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Lapland, and Greenland.[2] They grow to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Found mainly in China, its main use was for medicine. It shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology, and subterranean structures. The genes are extremely polymorphic.
| Angelica | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Apioideae |
| Tribe: | Selineae |
| Genus: | Angelica L. |
| Species | |
About 90 species; see text. | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Some species can be found in purple moor and rush pastures.
Characteristics
Angelica species grow to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. Their large, sparkling, starburst flowers[3] are pollinated by a great variety of insects (the generalist pollination syndrome),[4] the floral scents are species-specific, and even specific to particular subspecies.[5] The active ingredients of angelica are found in the roots and rhizomes[6] and contains furocoumarins in its tissues, which make the skin sensitive to light.[7]
Species
List of species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of December 2022[update]:[1]
- Angelica acutiloba
- Angelica adzharica – Adjarian angelica
- Angelica ampla – giant angelica
- Angelica angelicastrum – Norwegian angelica[note 1]
- Angelica anomala – anomalous angelica
- Angelica apaensis
- Angelica archangelica – garden angelica, archangel, angelique
- Angelica arguta – sharp-toothed angelica, Lyall's angelica
- Angelica atropurpurea – purplestem angelica, alexanders, American angelica, masterwort
- Angelica biserrata – heavy-toothed angelica
- Angelica brevicaulis – short-stem angelica
- Angelica breweri – Brewer's angelica
- Angelica californica – California angelica
- Angelica callii – Call's angelica
- Angelica canbyi – Canby's angelica
- Angelica capitellata – Ranger buttons
- Angelica cartilaginomarginata
- Angelica cincta – Hubei angelica
- Angelica cryptotaeniifolia
- Angelica cyclocarpa – Nepalese angelica
- Angelica czernaevia – Eastern Siberian angelica, parsley angelica
- Angelica dabashanensis
- Angelica dahurica
- Angelica dailingensis
- Angelica dawsonii – Dawson's angelica
- Angelica decurrens – descending angelica
- Angelica decursiva
- Angelica dentata – coastalplain angelica
- Angelica duclouxii – DuCloux's angelica
- Angelica edulis
- Angelica genuflexa – kneeling angelica
- Angelica gigas
- Angelica glauca
- Angelica gmelinii – Gmelin's angelica, Okhostk angelica
- Angelica grayi – Gray's angelica
- Angelica hakonensis – Hakone angelica
- Angelica hendersonii – Henderson's angelica
- Angelica heterocarpa – variable-fruit angelica
- Angelica inaequalis – unequal angelica
- Angelica indica – Indian angelica
- Angelica japonica – Japanese angelica
- Angelica kaghanica
- Angelica kangdingensis
- Angelica keiskei
- Angelica kingii – King's angelica
- Angelica komarovii
- Angelica laxifoliata
- Angelica lignescens [9]
- Angelica likiangensis
- Angelica lineariloba – poison angelica
- Angelica longeradiata
- Angelica longicaudata
- Angelica longipes
- Angelica lucida – seacoast angelica
- Angelica major
- Angelica maowenensis
- Angelica megaphylla
- Angelica minamitanii
- Angelica mixta
- Angelica morii
- Angelica morrisonicola
- Angelica muliensis
- Angelica multicaulis
- Angelica multisecta
- Angelica nakaiana
- Angelica nelsonii
- Angelica nitida
- Angelica nubigena
- Angelica oreada
- Angelica pachycarpa – Portuguese angelica
- Angelica paeoniifolia
- Angelica palustris – marsh angelica
- Angelica pinnata – small-leaf angelica
- Angelica pinnatiloba
- Angelica polymorpha
- Angelica pseudoselinum
- Angelica pseudoshikokiana
- Angelica pubescens
- Angelica pyrenaea
- Angelica razulii
- Angelica roseana – rose angelica
- Angelica saxatilis
- Angelica saxicola
- Angelica scabrida – Charleston Mountain angelica, rough angelica
- Angelica setchuenensis
- Angelica shikokiana
- Angelica sinanomontana
- Angelica sinensis
- Angelica sylvestris – wild angelica
- Angelica taiwaniana
- Angelica tarokoensis
- Angelica tenuisecta
- Angelica tenuissima – Korean gobon,[10] slender angelica[10]
- Angelica ternata
- Angelica tianmuensis
- Angelica tomentosa – woolly angelica
- Angelica triquinata – filmy angelica, mountain angelica
- Angelica turcica
- Angelica ubadakensis
- Angelica ursina – ezo angelica
- Angelica urumiensis
- Angelica valida
- Angelica venenosa – hairy angelica
- Angelica viridiflora
- Angelica wheeleri – Utah angelica
- Angelica yakusimensis
- Angelica yanyuanensis
Cultivation and uses
Some species are grown as flavouring agents or for their medicinal properties.[11] The most notable of these is garden angelica (A. archangelica), which is commonly known simply as angelica. Crystallized strips of young angelica stems and midribs are green in colour and are sold as decorative and flavoursome cake decoration material, but may also be enjoyed on their own. The roots and seeds are commonly used to flavour gin. Its presence accounts for the distinct flavour of many liqueurs, such as Chartreuse.
Seacoast angelica (A. lucida) has been eaten as a wild version of celery.
A. sylvestris and some other species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including bordered pug, grey pug, lime-speck pug and the V-pug.
Asia
The herb, also known by the Chinese name, bai zhi, and Latin name, radix angelicae dahurica, is used medicinally in traditional Chinese medicine.[citation needed]
In parts of Japan, especially the Izu Islands, the shoots and leaves of ashitaba (A. keiskei) are eaten as tempura, particularly in the spring.
Europe
Natives of Lapland use the fleshy roots as food and the stalks as medicine.
Among the Sami people of Lapland, the plant is used to make a traditional musical instrument the fadno.
North America
A. dawsonii was used by several first nations in North America for ritual purposes.
A. atropurpurea is found in North America from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and south to Maryland, and was smoked by Missouri tribes for colds and respiratory ailments.[medical citation needed] This species is very similar in appearance to the poisonous water hemlock.
The boiled roots of angelica were applied internally and externally to wounds by the Aleut people in Alaska to speed healing.[medical citation needed]
Notes
References
External links
- "History of Angelica". Our Herb Garden. March 2013.
- "Plants Profile Angelica L." Plants Database. USDA - NRCS.
- "How to Take Care of Ashitaba Plant (Longevity Herb) Angelica". Rochkirstin Santos. 23 November 2012.
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). 1878. p. 28.
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 6.
- Traditional and Modern Use of Wild Angelica