The Anacleto Formation is a geologic formation with outcrops in the Argentine Patagonian provinces of Mendoza, Río Negro, and Neuquén. It is the youngest formation within the Neuquén Group and belongs to the Río Colorado Subgroup. Formerly that subgroup was treated as a formation, and the Anacleto Formation was known as the Anacleto Member.[1]
| Anacleto Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: early-middle Campanian ~ | |
 Outcrop of the formation at Auca Mahuida | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Neuquén Group Río Colorado Subgroup |
| Underlies | Malargüe Group Allen Formation |
| Overlies | Bajo de la Carpa Formation |
| Thickness | 60–90 m (200–300 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Mudstone |
| Other | Sandstone, limestone |
| Location | |
| Location | Patagonia |
| Coordinates | 37°54′S 68°30′W / 37.9°S 68.5°W |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 40°48′S 53°00′W / 40.8°S 53.0°W |
| Region | Neuquén, Mendoza & Río Negro Provinces |
| Country |  Argentina |
| Extent | Neuquén Basin |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Aguada de Anacleto |
  Anacleto Formation (Argentina) | |
The type locality of this formation lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city of Neuquén. At its base, the Anacleto Formation conformably overlies the Bajo de la Carpa Formation, also of the Río Colorado Subgroup, and it is in turn unconformably overlain by the Allen Formation of the younger Malargüe Group.[2]
The Anacleto Formation varies between 60 and 90 metres (200 and 300 ft) thick, and consists mainly of claystones and mudstones, purple and dark red in color, deposited in fluvial, lacustrine and floodplain environments. Geodes are often found scattered throughout this formation.[3]
Fossil content
Color key
| Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
The following animals are known from bones found in the Anacleto Formation:
Crocodylomorphs
| Crocodylomorphs reported from the Anacleto Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Gasparinisuchus | G. peirosauroides | Cañadón Amarrillo, south Malargüe city, Mendoza Province.[4] | PV-CRIDC-12 (right premaxilla and maxilla, isolated teeth, and part of the postcranial skeleton).[4] | A peirosaurid also known from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation. | |
| Peirosaurus | P. torminni | Cañadón Amarrillo, south Malargüe city, Mendoza Province.[4] | PV-CRIDC-12 (right premaxilla and maxilla, isolated teeth, and part of the postcranial skeleton).[4] | Specimen reassigned to Gasparinisuchus. | |
Dinosaurs
Ornithischians
| Ornithischians reported from the Anacleto Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Gasparinisaura | G. cincosaltensis | Cinco Saltos, Río Negro Province.[5] | Multiple specimens.[5] | A small ornithopod. |  | |
Sauropods
Nests of dinosaur eggs, many with preserved embryos inside, have been discovered in large quantities at the famous Auca Mahuevo locality, and have been attributed to titanosaurs.[6]
| Sauropods reported from the Anacleto Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic Position | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Antarctosaurus | A. wichmannianus | [7] | A titanosaur. |  | ||
| Barrosasaurus | B. casamiquelai | Lower | Neuquén Province.[8] | Vertebrae.[8] | A titanosaur. |  |
| Laplatasaurus | L. araukanicus | Uppermost | Several localities in Patagonia.[9] | Multiple specimens.[9] | A titanosaur. |  |
| Narambuenatitan | N. palomoi | Lower | Remains of a subadult.[10] | A titanosaur. | ||
| Neuquensaurus | N. australis | Uppermost | Cinco Saltos, Río Negro Province.[11] | A saltasaurine. |  | |
| Pitekunsaurus | P. macayai | "Braincase, left frontal, one tooth, four cervical vertebrae, three dorsal vertebrae, four caudal vertebrae, right ulna and scapula, proximal extreme of left femur, rib fragments and uncertain remains".[12] | A titanosaur. | |||
| Teratopodus | T. malarguensis | Southern Mendoza Province.[13] | Footprint trackways.[13] | A titanosaur ichnotaxon. | ||
Theropods
The oldest known unequivocal bird footprints from South America were discovered in the Anacleto Formation. The small footprints were tentatively assigned to the ichnogenus Aquatilavipes and might have been produced by Patagopteryx (whose fossils were only found in the Bajo de la Carpa Formation however) or some unknown wader-like bird; they lack a hind toe. Ignotornis refers to similar footprints made by larger birds with a small hind toe; they might have been left by Neuquenornis, but this is also only known from the Bajo de la Carpa Formation. Footprints of these two ichnogenera have also been found elsewhere, but it must be understood that assignment to the same ichnogenus does not imply a close relatedness of the organisms that produced these traces, only a similar morphology.[14]
Even smaller and somewhat unusual footprints assigned to Barrosopus are only known from the Anacleto Formation. They were almost certainly made by some tiny theropod, but whether this was a bird is not quite clear: the innermost front toes of the animal leaving these tracks attached in a position higher than the others. In that, and in their dimensions, they are a very close match for the odd-footed enantiornithine bird Yungavolucris brevipedalis, but this is only known from the Maastrichtian Lecho Formation which is some 10 million years younger.[15]
| Theropods reported from the Anacleto Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic Position | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Abelisauridae | Indeterminate | Lower | Northwest Patagonia.[16][17] | MPCN-PV 69, consisting of a partial premaxilla, fragmentary vertebrae, proximal portion of both humeri, distal portion of the pubis, and an incomplete pedal ungual.[16][17] | An indeterminate abelisaurid. | |
| Abelisaurus | A. comahuensis | Lago Pellegrini stone quarries.[18] | Skull.[18] | An abelisaurid, originally thought to be from the Allen Formation. |  | |
| Aerosteon | A. riocoloradensis | "Cañadon Amarillo (S 37.5°, W 70.5°), north of Cerro Colorado, 1 km north of the Río Colorado near the southern border of Mendoza Province, Argentina."[19] | Skeletal remains.[19] | A megaraptorid. |  | |
| Aucasaurus | A. garridoi | Upper | Auca Mahuevo.[20] | Skeleton of an adult (MCF-PVPH-236).[20] | An abelisaurid. |  |
| Megaraptora indet. | Indeterminate | Upper | Auca Mahuevo.[21] | MCF-PVPH-416, a fragmentary pubic boot with unfused proximal symphysial contact.[21] | A large megaraptoran. | |
Squamates
| Squamates reported from the Anacleto Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Dinilysia | D. sp. | Aguada Toledo, south of Mari Menuco Lake.[22] | 24 articulated mid-posterior trunk vertebrae with the base of their respective ribs (UNC-CIP 1).[22] | A large snake. |  |
Testudines
| Testudines reported from the Anacleto Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic Position | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Prochelidella | P. palomoi | Aguada Grande site, Neuquén Province.[23] | A partially preserved skull, carapace remains, an almost complete plastron, and a left ilium (MAU-Pv-AG-452).[23] | A chelid turtle. | ||
| Yaminuechelys | Y. aff. maior | Lower | Neuquén Province.[24] | Two specimens (MAU-Pv-N-475 & MAU-Pv-PR-455).[24] | A long-necked chelid turtle. | |
See also
References
Bibliography
- Chiappe, Luis M. (1993): Enantiornithine (Aves) Tarsometatarsi from the Cretaceous Lecho Formation of Northwestern Argentina. American Museum Novitates 3083: 1-27. [English with Spanish abstract] PDF fulltext
- Coria, Rodolfo A.; Currie, Philip J.; Eberth, David & Garrido, Alberto (2002): Bird footprints from the Anacleto Formation (Late Cretaceous), Neuquén, Argentina. Ameghiniana 39(4): 453-463. [English with Spanish abstract] PDF fulltext
- Fossa Mancini, E.; Feruglio, E.; Yussen de Campana, J.C. (1938). "Una reunión de geólogos de YPF y el problema de la terminología estratigráfica ("A YPF geologists' reunion and the problem of stratigraphy terminology")". Boletín de Informaciones Petroleras. 15: 1–67.
- Leanza, H.A.; Apesteguia, S.; Novas, F.E.; De la Fuente, M.S. (2004). "Cretaceous terrestrial beds from the Neuquén Basin (Argentina) and their tetrapod assemblages". Cretaceous Research. 25 (1): 61–87. Bibcode:2004CrRes..25...61L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2003.10.005. Retrieved 2019-02-16 – via ResearchGate.
- Lockley, Martin; Matsukawa, Masaki; Ohira, Hiroto; Li, Jianjun; Wright, Joanna; White, Diane & Chen, Peiji (2006): Bird tracks from Liaoning Province, China: New insights into avian evolution during the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition. Cretaceous Research 27(1): 33-43. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.007 (HTML abstract). Erratum: doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.06.002
- Salgado, L.; Coria, R.A. & Chiappe, Luis M. (2005): Osteology of the sauropod embryos from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50(1): 79–92. PDF fulltext
- Sánchez, María Lidia; Heredia, Susana; Calvo, Jorge O. (2006). "Paleoambientes sedimentarios del Cretácico Superior de la Formación Plottier (Grupo Neuquén), Departamento Confluencia, Neuquén (Sedimentary paleoenvironments in the Upper Cretaceous Plottier Formation (Neuquen Group), Confluencia, Neuquén)". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 61: 3–18. Retrieved 2019-02-16 – via ResearchGate.
Further reading
- S. Brizuela and A. Albino. 2011. A Scincomorpha lizard from the Campanian of Patagonia. Cretaceous Research 32:781-785
- I. A. Cerda. 2008. Gastroliths in an ornithopod dinosaur. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53(2):351-355
- L. M. Chiappe, R. A. Coria, L. Dingus, F. Jackson, A. Chinsamy and M. Fox. 1998. Sauropod dinosaur embryos from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 396:258-261
- R. A. Coria and L. M. Chiappe. 2000. Un nuevo terópodo abelisaurio de la Fm. Río Colorado (Cretácico Superior) de la Provincia del Neuquén [A new abelisaur theropod from the Río Colorado Fm. (Upper Cretaceous) of Neuquén province]. Actas XVI Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrado, San Luis, Argentina 13
- L. S. Filippi and A. C. Garrido. 2012. Nuevo registro del género Dinilysia (Squamata, Serpentes) para la Formación Anacleto (Campaniano inferior-medio), Rincón de los Sauces, Neuquén, Argentina. Ameghiniana 49(1):132-136
- B. J. González Riga. 2011. Speeds and stance of titanosaur sauropods: analysis of Titanopodus tracks from the Late Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83(1):279-290
- A. M. Praderio, A. G. Martinelli, and C. R. A. Candeiro. 2008. Mesoeucrocodilos en el Cretácico de Malargüe: primer registro de Peirosaurus tormini (Crocodyliformes, Peirosauridae) para la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina). Actas del 4to. Encuentro Internacional del International Center of Earth Sciences (E-ICES-4), Malargüe, Mendoza 1-7
- L. Salgado, S. Apesteguía, and S. Heredia. 2005. A new specimen of Neuquensaurus australis, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine titanosaur from North Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3):623-634
- L. Salgado, R. A. Coria, and S. E. Heredia. 1996. Nuevos materiales de ornitópodos (Ornithischia) en la Formación Rio Colorado (Cretácico Superior) de la Provincia de Rio Negro [New materials of ornithopods (Ornithischia) in the Rio Colorado Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Rio Negro province]. Ameghiniana 33(4):471
- P. C. Sereno, R. N. Martínez, J. A. Wilson, D. J. Varricchio, O. A. Alcober and H. C. E. Larsson. 2008. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 3(9):e3303:1-20