The 1991 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 16th Southeast Asian Games, was a multi-sport event held in Manila, the Philippines from 24 November to 5 December 1991, with 28 sports featured in the games. This was the second time that the country hosted the games and its first since 1981. It was officially opened by President Corazon Aquino at the Rizal Memorial Stadium in Manila through a colorful opening ceremony. It was the only SEA Games at that time where the overall championship was heavily contested. The deciding medal came from the last sporting event - women's marathon where Indonesia got the gold medal.[1][2]
 | |
| Host city | Manila, Philippines |
|---|---|
| Motto | "Nine Nations, Under an Asian Sun" |
| Nations | 9 |
| Events | 28 sports |
| Opening | 24 November 1991 |
| Closing | 5 December 1991 |
| Opened by | Corazon Aquino President of the Philippines |
| Torch lighter | Carlos Loyzaga Lydia de Vega Gerard Cantada |
| Ceremony venue | Rizal Memorial Stadium |
Four sports (archery, canoeing, sailing, and triathlon) were held in venues in Subic Bay.[3]
Fourteen years after the 1991 SEA Games, the country hosted the 2005 SEA Games. Another 14 years later, the Philippines hosted the 2019 SEA Games, which is the first that the event took place in the whole country.
The logo of 1991 Southeast Asian Games was designed by Ernesto A. Calaguas. The mascot for the Games is a colorful fowl called Kiko Labuyo.[4]
The games
Participating nations
Brunei
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines (Host)
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Sports
Aquatics ()
Archery ()
Athletics ()
Badminton ()
Basketball ()
Billiards and snooker ()
Bodybuilding ()
Bowling ()
Boxing ()
Cycling ()
Fencing ()
Football ()
Golf ()
Gymnastics ()
Judo ()
Karate ()
Rowing ()
Sailing ()
Sepak takraw ()
Shooting ()
Softball ()
Squash ()
Table tennis ()
Taekwondo ()
Tennis ()
Volleyball ()
Weightlifting ()
Wushu ()
Medal table
- Key
* Host nation (Philippines)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Indonesia (INA) | 92 | 87 | 67 | 246 |
| 2 |  Philippines (PHI)* | 91 | 62 | 86 | 239 |
| 3 |  Thailand (THA) | 72 | 80 | 69 | 221 |
| 4 |  Malaysia (MAS) | 36 | 38 | 66 | 140 |
| 5 |  Singapore (SIN) | 18 | 32 | 45 | 95 |
| 6 |  Myanmar (MYA) | 12 | 16 | 29 | 57 |
| 7 |  Vietnam (VIE) | 7 | 12 | 10 | 29 |
| 8 |  Brunei (BRU) | 0 | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 9 |  Laos (LAO) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Totals (9 entries) | 328 | 327 | 380 | 1035 | |
Concerns and controversies
- Reduction of gold medals
The Philippines should have tallied a total of 91 gold medals, but one of the gold medals from boxing was proclaimed unofficial. The said gold medal should have been fought by a Filipino boxer against a Thai boxer, but the latter was found positive in the doping tests. The gold medal was, at first, given to the Philippines, but after a few days, the SEAG Organizing Committee declared that there will be no gold and silver medalists for the said event in boxing because there was no battle fought.[citation needed]
See also
References
External links
- History of the SEA Games
- "1991 Southeast Asian Games medal table". Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.